___ is the failure to include key persons in the strategic planning effort.

A) Corporate governance
B) Goal displacement
C) The lack of participation error
D) The lack of substance error
E) Conflict avoidance

Lack of Participation Error

A situation in decision-making processes where not all relevant parties are included, which can lead to suboptimal outcomes and reduced acceptance of decisions.

Strategic Planning

The process of defining an organization's strategy and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy.

Key Persons

Individuals who hold critical importance within an organization or project, often due to their skills, knowledge, or position.