Which of the following clearly illustrates or involves pluralistic ignorance?

A) A bystander decides not to help a car accident victim because others are present who will undoubtedly do so.
B) A passerby decides a man lying on the sidewalk is not in trouble because nobody else in the vicinity is stopping to assist him.
C) A bystander does not help a heart attack victim because he is not sure how to administer CPR.
D) All of the above answers are correct.

Pluralistic Ignorance

A type of misunderstanding that occurs when members of a group don’t realize that the other members share their perception (often, their uncertainty about how to react to a situation). As a result, each member wrongly interprets the others’ inaction as reflecting their better understanding of the situation.

Car Accident

An unexpected and unintended event involving vehicles that can cause damage and injury.

Heart Attack

A medical emergency where the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, often by a blood clot, causing damage to the heart muscle.