The gains from specialization and trade are based on absolute advantage.

Specialization

The process in which individuals or entities focus on a narrow area of expertise or production, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.

Absolute Advantage

Absolute advantage refers to the ability of a country, company, or individual to produce a good or service more efficiently than competitors, using the same amount of resources.

Trade

The trading of goods, services, or a combination of both among two or more entities, domestically or across borders.