Smoking among birth mothers is linked to the risk of

A) spontaneous abortion.
B) low birth weight.
C) premature birth.
D) all of the above

Spontaneous Abortion

Another term for miscarriage, referring to the natural loss of a pregnancy before the fetus is able to survive independently outside the womb.

Low Birth Weight

A term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 2,500 grams (5 pounds, 8 ounces), which can be indicative of developmental issues or health problems.