All of the following strategies may encourage participative management EXCEPT:

A) task delegation.
B) parallel suggestion involvement.
C) job involvement.
D) theory X management.

Participative Management

An approach to management where employees at all levels are actively involved in the decision-making process, enhancing commitment and productivity.

Theory X Management

A management style that assumes employees are inherently lazy and need to be closely supervised and controlled.

Task Delegation

The process of assigning responsibility and authority for specific tasks or activities from one individual, often a manager or leader, to another, typically a subordinate or team member.