Exam 7: Nutrients Involved in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

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A) osmosis.
B) filtration.
C) depolarization.
D) distillation.

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A) stroke
B) confusion
C) dizziness
D) lethargy

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Phosphorus has a variety of functions in...

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Electrolytes help regulate fluid balance through the following process. Water follows the movement of electrolytes; this action provides a means to control movement of fluid into and out of the cells. Our cells can regulate the balance of fluids between their internal and extracellular environments by using special transport proteins to actively pump electrolytes across their membranes. By maintaining the appropriate movement of electrolytes into and out of the cell, the proper balance of fluid and electrolytes is maintained between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. If the concentration of electrolytes is much higher inside of the cells as compared to outside, water will flow into the cells in such large amounts that the cells can burst. On the other hand, if the extracellular environment contains too high a concentration of electrolytes, water flows out of the cells, and they can dry up. Certain illnesses can threaten this delicate balance of fluid inside and outside of the cells. For example, food poisoning and eating disorders involving repeated vomiting and diarrhea can result in death due to these life-threatening fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

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A) water helps to regulate body temperature.
B) water helps to maintain blood volume.
C) water works as an excellent cleansing agent to flush toxins out of the body.
D) most solutes (particles) will dissolve in water.

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A) an electrolyte
B) an ion
C) a fluid
D) a diuretic

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Bottled water has become increasingly popular over the past 20 years. The water we drink in Canada generally comes from two sources: surface water and ground water. Surface water comes from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. Common contaminants of surface water include runoff from highways, pesticides, animal wastes, and industrial wastes. Ground water comes from underground rock formations called aquifers. Hazardous substances leaking from waste sites, dumps, landfills, and oil and gas pipelines can contaminate ground water. Bottled water is considered a food and is regulated under Canada's Food and Drugs Act and monitored by federal inspectors from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Most bottling plants use an ozone treatment instead of chlorine to disinfect water, and many people feel this process leaves the water tasting better than tap water treated with chlorine. In Canada, labels must indicate how the bottled water has been treated-carbonated, demineralized, distilled, filtered, and so on-and must give the location and source of the water. Although bottled water may taste better than tap water, there is no evidence that it is safer to drink. Bottled water (except spring or mineral water) may come directly from the tap! Some types of bottled water may contain more minerals than tap water, but there are no other additional nutritional benefits in drinking bottled water. Health Canada has the following advice for consumers of bottled water: -Don't refill old bottles-buy new ones. -Look on the label for the best-before date. -Look for the chemical analysis (the declaration of minerals). -Look for the type of treatment (ozonated, etc). -Don't keep bottled water past its two-year shelf life. -Don't share bottles. -Always refrigerate opened bottles.

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Within our body fluids are a variety of ...

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A) Fluid acts as a coolant by increasing the blood flow from the warm body core to the peripheral tissue, thus cooling the body.
B) Fluid has a high capacity for heat, so it requires a great deal of energy to raise its temperature.
C) Fluid is evaporated as sweat from the skin's surface, thus cooling the body.
D) Warmed fluids from the body's surface return to the body's core, thus heating the body.

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To maintain fluid balance in his body, Mark's thirst mechanism will prompt him to drink fluids. His body's command centre for fluid intake is a cluster of nerve cells in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It is this group of cells, collectively referred to as the thirst mechanism, that causes the conscious desire for fluids. The thirst mechanism prompts thirst when it is stimulated by the following: increased concentration of salt and other dissolved substances in the blood; a reduction in blood volume and blood pressure; and dryness in the tissues of the mouth and throat. Once the hypothalamus detects such changes, it stimulates the release of a hormone that signals the kidneys to reduce urine flow and return more water to the bloodstream. The kidneys also secrete an enzyme that triggers blood vessels throughout the body to constrict. This will help Mark to retain water. Water is drawn out of the salivary glands in the mouth in an attempt to further dilute the concentration of sodium from the popcorn and pizza, causing Mark's mouth and throat to become dry. Together, these mechanisms regulate his fluid balance and help him to adapt to this high-sodium meal. During times when the body needs to conserve body water, such as in this case where there is a high-sodium load from popcorn and pizza, the sodium concentration of the extracellular fluid increases. Special cells in the hypothalamus of the brain sense this increase in sodium levels and cause hormones to be secreted that signal the kidneys to reabsorb water instead of excreting it. The kidneys also respond to massive changes in fluid balance and blood pressure. A drop in blood pressure signals the kidneys to retain more water and reduce urine output. In addition, the kidneys excrete certain enzymes and hormones that cause constriction of the peripheral blood vessels and also allow for the retention of water and sodium. Since water follows sodium, retaining sodium in the kidneys also helps retain water. The sodium and water can then be absorbed back into the bloodstream and cause an increase in blood volume and blood pressure.

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