Exam 1: Introduction: Definitions and History

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A) development of the atomic bomb.
B) the creation of the Army Alpha and Beta intelligence tests.
C) an increased focus on ergonomic design of war equipment.
D) an increased focus on the psychological experiences of soldiers.

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A) the study of work in industry.
B) the study of human behavior in work settings.
C) a combination of management principles and work efficiency methods.
D) the process of analyzing communication between managers and subordinates.

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The influence of civil rights legislatio...

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A) less than half
B) more than 80%
C) less than 20%
D) exactly half

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A) the need for state-of-the-art machinery.
B) the death of many soldiers leading to dramatic shrinking of the workforce.
C) the development of espionage devices.
D) an increased focus on mental illnesses produced by warfare.

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A) ergonomics.
B) time-and-motion studies.
C) scientist-practitioner model.
D) job specialization.

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A) the standard of living has increased over the years.
B) the theory is too broad to apply today.
C) jobs today are more complex than they used to be.
D) the principles do not apply to international businesses.

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A) Workers who remain become more loyal to the organization.
B) There is a decrease in line workers, but an increase in management.
C) Remaining workers are more motivated because they fear also losing their jobs.
D) The organization is usually more efficient and more competitive.

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A) employees do not want to work as hard as they once did.
B) fewer people are going to college.
C) there is a dwindling supply of truly skilled workers.
D) employers are relying less on employee selection.

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The two main objectives of industrial/or...

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A) more workers will do more work.
B) women and ethnic minorities bring distinct characteristics into the work environment.
C) greater competition and individualism among workers.
D) the opportunity for different viewpoints that lead to organizational innovation.

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The Hawthorne studies were a series of experiments conducted at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago from 1924 to 1932. The studies were initially designed to investigate the relationship between lighting levels and worker productivity, but they evolved into a broader examination of the effects of various environmental and psychological factors on employee behavior. The results of the Hawthorne studies were unexpected and groundbreaking. The researchers found that changes in working conditions, such as lighting levels, had little impact on productivity. Instead, they discovered that the mere act of being observed and included in the study had a significant effect on worker performance. This phenomenon, known as the Hawthorne effect, suggested that workers were motivated by the attention they received rather than the actual changes in their working conditions. Furthermore, the studies also revealed the importance of social and psychological factors in the workplace. Researchers found that factors such as group dynamics, leadership styles, and communication patterns had a significant impact on employee behavior and productivity. These findings challenged the prevailing belief that productivity was solely determined by physical and technical factors, and highlighted the importance of considering the human element in organizational management. Overall, the Hawthorne studies revolutionized the field of industrial and organizational psychology by demonstrating the complex and multifaceted nature of human behavior in the workplace. The results emphasized the need for a more holistic approach to understanding and managing employee performance, and continue to influence management practices to this day.

A) Hugo Munsterberg.
B) Walter Dill Scott.
C) Frederick W. Taylor.
D) Elton Mayo.

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A) Giving the typists pep talks every morning
B) Instituting an Employee of the Month program
C) Firing the least productive typists and hiring new ones
D) Designing work stations that increase the efficiency with which workers can perform their jobs

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D

A) workers are motivated solely by money.
B) achievement motivation is important in determining worker morale.
C) workers in high-level positions are unlikely to be satisfied with their jobs.
D) good interpersonal relationships among coworkers will lead to increased productivity.

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