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Exam 22: Species and Speciation

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Question 21

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Reproductive isolating mechanisms are divided into categories based on when they act. _____ isolating factors prevent fertilization from taking place; _____ isolating factors result in failure of the fertilized egg to develop into a fertile individual.

A) Pre-zygotic; pre-zygotic
B) Pre-zygotic; post-zygotic
C) Post-zygotic; post-zygotic
D) Post-zygotic; pre-zygotic

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Question 22

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Mammals are _____ organisms, whereas plants may be _____.

A) haploid; diploid
B) haploid; polyploid
C) diploid; polyploid
D) diploid; haploid

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Question 23

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If an organism has two copies of each chromosome, it is:

Which of the following is the BEST explanation of why Plasmodium and ape phylogenies do not show a pattern of co-speciation?

A drawback of the biological species concept is that it CANNOT be applied to:

You are a biologist on a trip to an island in the South Pacific. While on the island, you are allowed to collect DNA samples from a local species of rat that resembles a species seen on a nearby continent. If your DNA analysis also indicates the two species are closely related, you might conclude that the evolution of the two separate species was an example of _____ speciation through _____.

Adaptive radiation is an acceleration of speciation and adaptation when there are a large number of ecological opportunities available.

In the southwestern desert of the United States there are temporary ponds that form only after heavy summer rains. As a naturalist, you visit these ponds and notice that female frogs mate with males of their own species based only on their calls. The lack of mating between species would be an example of _____ and _____.

In general, males and females of the same species can produce fertile offspring.

Recall the example of different ladybug species described in the text, which each feed on a different species of plant. If two such species inhabit the same types of plants but in different locations (i.e., one near the base of the plant and the other on the uppermost leaves) , these species would be considered to be _____ separated.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding speciation?

A researcher is trying to determine whether different populations of asexually reproducing bacteria belong to the same species. What concept will be MOST helpful in making this determination?

Imagine a series of small forest patches (A-D) separated by grassland. A species of beetle can only live in areas with the forest, and they are unable to fly long distances. An original large population of these beetles lives in forest patch A (the largest of the forest patches) , and can fly as far as the next forest patch over, patch B. Over time, each patch is successively colonized by a small group of individuals from the nearest population. After many years, each of the habitat patches is occupied by a different species of beetle, each one related to the original species in forest patch A. Speciation of the beetles was the result of _____ speciation.

Natural selection is always the driving force of speciation.

Disruptive selection is a key component of sympatric speciation because it acts against the homogenizing effect of gene flow between the diverging populations. Imagine a case in which a bird population is undergoing disruptive selection on bill size in response to the availability of seeds to eat. The birds' environment contains two seed types, large and small, and lacks medium-sized seeds. Assume that a bird's ability to eat a seed is a direct function of its bill size (large bills are good for large seeds, and so on) . Disruptive selection acts against birds with:

Sympatric speciation:

Two species of frog mate in the same pond. One breeds in early summer and one in late summer. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation?

The extinction of a particular species may cause adaptive evolution in another.

Members of two species that are each other's closest relatives are found living sympatrically on a single island. What, if anything, can we conclude about their origins?

The accumulation of different mutations in genetically separated populations is known as _____ and is the key to speciation.