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Which of the following is a scientific shortcoming of Freud's ideas?


A) the use of limited objective observations
B) the inability to offer testable hypotheses
C) both the use of limited objective observations and the inability to offer testable hypotheses
D) neither the use of limited objective observations nor the inability to offer testable hypotheses

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Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people.Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of


A) individualism.
B) conditioning.
C) collectivism.
D) the spotlight effect.

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Which theorists have been criticized for underestimating the human capacity for evil?


A) neo-Freudians
B) humanistic theorists
C) psychoanalytic theorists
D) behaviorists

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Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of


A) the unconscious dynamics underlying behavior.
B) childhood sexual instincts.
C) anxiety and defense mechanisms.
D) distinguishing between id,ego,and superego.

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The belief that others' behaviors are responses to social norms rather than reflections of personality traits is most common in cultures that value


A) individualism.
B) narcissism.
C) extraversion.
D) collectivism.

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A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of


A) social harmony.
B) personal privacy.
C) self-image.
D) self-esteem.

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Which theory has been most severely criticized for offering after-the-fact explanations without advancing testable predictions?


A) humanistic theory
B) trait theory
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) social-cognitive theory

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Brit is 15 months old and is on a serious mission to explore his surroundings.His mother is concerned about his exploration of their home because she has noticed that he seems to put everything in his mouth.He bites,chews,and sucks on objects.According to Freud,Brit is in the ________ stage of development.


A) anal
B) oral
C) latency
D) phallic

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A sense of personal self-worth is called


A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) defensive self-esteem.
D) self-disclosure.

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According to psychoanalytic theory,boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with


A) an oral fixation.
B) free association.
C) the reality principle.
D) the Oedipus complex.

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The social-cognitive perspective highlights the interaction of personal traits with our environment,a process that Albert Bandura called


A) narcissism.
B) self-image.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) the spotlight effect.

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Which of the following Freudian ideas is most clearly contradicted by contemporary psychological theory and research?


A) Conscious awareness of what goes on in our minds is very limited.
B) Painful experiences are commonly repressed.
C) Memories are often distorted and incomplete.
D) Individuals seek to defend themselves against anxiety.

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Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of


A) projection.
B) displacement.
C) regression.
D) reaction formation.

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The desire to differentiate yourself from others by emphasizing your unique values and traits is most common among those who value


A) group identification.
B) collectivism.
C) respect for the elderly.
D) individualism.

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Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend,but he is often quiet and reserved at home.He actively participates in many class discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop.Sheen's behavior should make us more cautious about overemphasizing the impact of ________ on behavior.


A) personality traits
B) self-serving bias
C) factor analysis
D) the self-concept

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Who was the first to focus clinical attention on the unconscious mind?


A) Sigmund Freud
B) Alfred Adler
C) Karen Horney
D) Carl Jung

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Which theory is more interested in identifying traits than in describing them?


A) humanistic theory
B) social-cognitive theory
C) trait theory
D) psychodynamic theory

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Charlotte was planning to drive to the grocery store;however,she inadvertently started taking her usual path to work.Freud might say that her mistake came from her ________,but cognitive researchers would say that it was a result of confused ________.


A) unconscious;implicit memories
B) collective unconscious;parallel processing
C) unconscious;archetypes
D) collective unconscious;implicit memories

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Because people are biopsychosocial organisms,the study of personality most clearly benefits from the use of


A) possible selves.
B) projective tests.
C) multiple levels of analysis.
D) unconditional positive regard.

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Joshua has a predisposition for aggressive behavior.As a child,he lived in a neighborhood in which a lot of violent gangs roamed the streets.By the time Joshua was 18 he had been arrested multiple times for aggressive actions against other teens.Joshua's aggressive behavior is a result of


A) group identification.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) the maturity principle.
D) gene-environment interactions.

Correct Answer

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