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The traditional view of the production process is that capital is subject to


A) diminishing returns, so that other things the same, real GDP in poor countries should grow at a faster rate than in rich countries.
B) diminishing returns, so that other things the same, real GDP in poor countries should grow at a slower rate than in rich countries.
C) increasing returns, so that other things the same, real GDP in poor countries should grow at a faster rate than in rich countries.
D) increasing returns, so that other things the same, real GDP in poor countries should grow at a slower rate than in rich countries.

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One reason that governments may find it useful to sponsor universities and basic research is that to a large extent knowledge is generally a private good.

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Other things the same, if a country raises its saving rate, when is growth of real GDP per person higher?


A) as the economy moves toward the long run and in the long run.
B) as the economy moves toward the long run, but not in the long run.
C) in the long run, but not as the economy moves toward the long run.
D) neither as the economy moves toward the long run, nor in the long run.

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Over extended periods of time, population growth


A) has no effect on the standard of living.
B) has uncertain effects on the standard of living.
C) clearly raises the standard of living.
D) clearly lowers the standard of living.

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Among the following countries, which one has the highest level of real GDP per person but the lowest growth rate of real GDP per person over a very long period of time?


A) the United Kingdom
B) Mexico
C) Argentina
D) China

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Because of its effect on the amount of capital per worker, in the short term an increase in the working population is likely to


A) raise productivity. Other things the same, this increase will be larger in a poor country.
B) raise productivity. Other things the same, this increase will be larger in a rich country.
C) reduce productivity. Other things the same, this decrease will be larger in a poor country.
D) reduce productivity. Other things the same, this decrease will be larger in a rich country.

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Which of the following statements is correct?


A) Productivity is a determinant of human capital per worker.
B) Technological knowledge is a determinant of productivity.
C) Human capital and technological knowledge are the same thing.
D) All of the above are correct.

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If the best educated and most skilled persons leave a country, then in the short term this country's human capital per worker


A) and physical capital per worker will increase.
B) and physical capital per worker will decrease.
C) will increase but physical capital per worker will decrease.
D) will decrease but physical capital per worker will increase.

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Explain the distinction between technological knowledge and human capital.

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Technological knowledge refers...

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Industrial machinery is an example of


A) a factor of production that in the past was an output from the production process.
B) technological knowledge.
C) a production function.
D) an item which always has the property called constant returns to scale.

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The catch-up effect says that countries with low income can grow faster than countries with higher income. However, in statistical studies that include many diverse countries we do not observe the catch-up-effect unless we control for other variables that affect productivity. Considering the determinants of productivity, list and explain some things that would tend to prohibit or limit a poor country's ability to catch up with the rich ones.

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The argument that poor countries will te...

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Which of the following is a good gauge of economic progress?


A) the level of real GDP per person, but not the growth rate of real GDP per person
B) the level of real GDP per person and the growth rate of real GDP per person
C) the growth rate of real GDP per person, but not the level of real GDP per person
D) neither the level nor the growth rate of real GDP per person

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Accumulating capital


A) requires that society sacrifice consumption goods in the present.
B) allows society to consume more in the present.
C) decreases saving rates.
D) involves no tradeoffs.

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The level of real GDP person


A) differs widely across countries, but the growth rate of real GDP per person is similar across countries.
B) is very similar across countries, but the growth rate of real GDP per person differs widely across countries.
C) and the growth rate of real GDP per person are similar across countries.
D) and the growth rate of real GDP per person vary widely across countries.

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According to research by Robert Fogel, people in Britain grew taller because of


A) genetics. However this increase in height had no effect on productivity.
B) genetics. This increase in height is associated with higher productivity.
C) higher caloric intake. However, this increase in height had no effect on productivity.
D) higher caloric intake. This increase in height is associated with higher productivity.

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Suppose that an American opens and operates a candy factory in Finland. This is an example of


A) foreign direct investment. American saving is used to finance Finish investment.
B) foreign direct investment. American saving is used to finance American investment.
C) foreign portfolio investment. American saving is used to finance Finish investment.
D) foreign portfolio investment. American saving is used to finance American investment.

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In one day Alpha Cabinet Company made 40 cabinets with 320 hours of labor. What was Alpha Cabinet Company's productivity?


A) 1/8 cabinet per hour
B) 8 hours per cabinet
C) 40 cabinets
D) None of the above is correct.

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Investment in


A) physical capital, unlike investment in human capital, has an opportunity cost.
B) physical capital, like investment in human capital, has an opportunity cost.
C) human capital is particularly attractive because it involves no externalities.
D) human capital has been shown to be relatively unimportant, relative to investment in physical capital, for a country's long­run economic success.

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In some countries it is time consuming and costly to establish ownership of property. Reforms to reduce these costs would likely


A) have no affect on either real GDP nor productivity
B) raise real GDP and productivity.
C) raise real GDP but not productivity.
D) raise productivity but not real GDP.

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After adjusting for inflation, over time the prices of most natural resources have been


A) steady or falling, meaning that our ability to conserve them is growing more rapidly than their supplies are dwindling.
B) steady or falling, meaning that their supplies are dwindling more rapidly than our ability to conserve them is growing.
C) rising, meaning that our ability to conserve them is growing more rapidly than their supplies are dwindling.
D) rising, meaning that their supplies are dwindling more rapidly than our ability to conserve them is growing.

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