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Exam 9: Early Childhood: Cognitive Development

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Question 31

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Sydney helps her 2-year-old daughter make hot chocolate. Sydney assists her daughter as they measure teaspoons of cocoa into a cup, add water, stir the contents, and then microwave the cup. Sydney is demonstrating Vygotsky's concept of "_____."

A) scaffolding
B) experience-expectant growth
C) conservation training
D) modeling

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Question 32

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Studies suggest that preschool intervention, such as that provided by Head Start, advances the social and academic development of disadvantaged children.

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Question 33

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Overregularization in a child's speech patterns indicates that _____.

Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin "pancake." When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies "Yes" because he has _____.

The key research conclusion about what is important for early-childhood education, whether at home or at school, is the _____ of the educational environment.

Montessori schools focus on using materials and projects in such a way that children have a strong sense of accomplishment.

Yuri is the mother of 3-year-old Decha. Yuri shows Decha two equal balls of Play-Doh and determines that he views them as both the same. She then rolls one of the balls into a long 'snake' and asks Decha if the amounts of clay are still the same or if one is different. Decha replies, "The snake has more Play-Doh now!" Decha's reply indicates that he does not yet understand _____.

The belief that inanimate things (furniture, moon, clouds) is alive is called "_____."

When shown a novel object and told that it is called a "wug," preschoolers know that two of those objects would be two "wugs." This ability to correctly add an -s when pluralizing is evidence of their proper use of _____.

Balor, 2 1/2, watches his father read the paper every morning at breakfast. Yesterday, Balor's mom observed him climbing into a chair and rapidly scrunching pages of the newspaper as he tried to turn pages. When he saw his mother looking, Baylor exclaimed, "Like daddy!" Baylor's behavior illustrates the concept of "______."

The structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning in language are called "_____."

Although vocabulary and imagination soar in early childhood, logical connections between ideas are not yet operational.

Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child's tendency to _____.

Language shift occurs everywhere when _____ leads children to conclude that their first language is inferior to another one.

What is conservation? Describe an example of a conservation task, noting the initial presentation of the material, the transformation of the material, and the questions that children are asked. What is a preoperational child's response?

Theory of mind refers to a person's theory of what other people might be thinking.

By the age of 2, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words; by the age of 6, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words.

Research shows that the benefits of Head Start are strongest for children who live in ____, or in rural areas, or with disabilities.

A magician's goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to _____.

Knowledge of _____ is essential for learning how to speak, read, and write.