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Exam 10: Motivating Employees

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Question 141

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It may be difficult to utilize the MBO (Management by Objectives)model when employees have not agreed upon the goals set by top management.

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Question 142

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________ used the terms Theory X and Theory Y to describe different attitudes managers have about employees.

A) Robert Colby
B) Elton Mayo
C) Douglas McGregor
D) Victor Vroom

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Question 143

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Why did the results of the studies conducted at the Hawthorne plant surprise Elton Mayo and his fellow researchers? How did these results change the direction of management research?

Job enlargement is about breaking down a sizeable job into smaller parts so that the employee is not overwhelmed by a large task.

The original results of the Hawthorne studies proved that employees were much more productive when they worked in well-lit areas than when they worked in poorly lit areas.

Hillary enjoys working with others to solve problems and make decisions,but is also able to assume individual responsibility.She prefers working for a company that takes a holistic view of its employees.These preferences suggest that Hillary might enjoy working at a company that uses a Theory Z approach to management. Collective decision-making and a holistic view of employees are two of the characteristics of Theory Z.

As a human resources manager for your company,you are looking for ways to motivate employees to favor your company over competitors.The company cannot afford to offer a wide array of benefits,but you are confident that if you survey employees and provide them the opportunity to vote on the benefits that are most important to them,they will see this as a fair and equitable way to operate. Analyzing the situation using equity theory,we note that employees quite often want different things.One or two good employees may find the need for an on-site day care,whereas a majority of employees who are either too young to have small children,or whose children are already grown may not see this as a necessary benefit.They may prefer to be able to work out in an onsite gymnasium or get time away from work to do volunteer work.Equity treatment is a matter of perception.

A basic idea of ___________ was to conduct time-motion studies to find the best way to perform each task,then teach people to use these methods.

Theory ____ assumes that the average person likes work,and has a relatively high degree of imagination and creativity.

According to expectancy theory,the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their:

Jimmy is a talented musician,and has already won a number of awards.Still,he practices about two hours every day,trying to reach his highest potential.Jimmy is motivated by self-actualization needs. Self-actualization needs include the need to reach one's fullest potential.

The goal of William Ouchi was to develop a modified business culture that blends the best of Type J with the best of Type A. Knowing that American culture would not operate with the Type J philosophy,where the employees act like a family and make decisions by consensus;where you have employment for life,and where employees assume collective responsibility,Ouchi's attempt to improve Type A work environments was to integrate some of Type J and some of Type A into a new work environment he called Theory Z.

_________________ was the father of scientific management.

Frederick Taylor believed that employees would be more productive if they were allowed to decide for themselves which methods at work to use.

Cedric works for a landscaping business.His employer has asked Cedric if he would be willing to work overtime this weekend to finish a job for an important client.According to expectancy theory,Cedric will want to compare the compensation or other rewards offered by his employer to the extra effort involved before he decides whether to agree to the job. According to Victor Vroom's expectancy theory,prior to committing effort to a task,employees want to know (1)Can I accomplish the task? (2)If I do accomplish it,what's my reward? (3)Is the reward worth the effort?

The basic principle of equity theory is that employees try to:

According to reinforcement theory,individuals act to receive rewards and to avoid punishment.

Andy is a supervisor at a web design company.Andy has observed that most employees he supervises are more productive if he lets them have some freedom and flexibility in how they go about their work.Andy's experience is consistent with the teachings of scientific management. Scientific management emphasized that all employees should use the most efficient methods for performing tasks,as determined by time-motion studies.In this sense,scientific management viewed employees as if they were machines that could be programmed to complete a job as efficiently as possible.

___________ attempts to increase task efficiency by breaking down jobs into simple steps and assigning people to each of those steps.

Which of the following statements about cultural differences in the workplace is most accurate?