Question 1

A tap to the leg just below the knee leads to the knee-jerk response. This response can be elicited even in newborns. What is the knee jerk following a tap on the leg an example of?

Accepted Answer

A)   an unconditioned response
B)   a conditioned response
C)   an unconditioned stimulus
D)   a conditioned stimulus

Question 2

Which observation was most directly responsible for redirecting Pavlov's research from the study of digestive reflexes to investigations of conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   the finding that salivary secretions could be collected by implantation of a fistula
B)   the finding that in adult dogs persistent saliva secretions accompany eating
C)   the finding that the secretion of saliva was elicited, via a reflex mechanism, by food in the mouth
D)   the finding that stimuli that were initially neutral could eventually elicit digestive reflexes

Question 3

How is fear conditioning accomplished?

Accepted Answer

A)   by pairing an aversive CS with a neutral US
B)   by pairing a neutral CS with an aversive US
C)   by pairing an aversive CS with a neutral CR
D)   by pairing a neutral CS with an aversive CR

Question 4

Although the CR is typically similar to the UR, the two responses are not identical. Evidence for this is clear in fear conditioning experiments in which the CR, but not the UR, involves __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   cessation of movement
B)   fearful anticipation
C)   reduction of heart rate
D)   all of the above answers are correct

Question 5

What can be said of conditioned reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)   Conditioned reinforcement is typically given after primary reinforcement.
B)   Conditioned reinforcement acquires its properties by being paired with primary reinforcement.
C)   Conditioned reinforcement is more effective than primary reinforcement.
D)   Conditioned reinforcement is usually a biologically necessary incentive such as food or water.

Question 6

Thorndike proposed that learning occurs because certain responses meet with reinforcement and therefore become more likely to occur. This idea is known as the law of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   instrumental conditioning
B)   effect
C)   purpose
D)   contingency

Question 7

Dominique watches her brother use the kitchen drawers to climb to get into the cookie jar. She then climbs to the counter using the same technique her brother used. This would be an example of which kind of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)   insight learning
B)   observational learning
C)   shaping
D)   intrinsic learning

Question 8

A phenomenon called the blocking effect demonstrates the key role played by __________ in conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)   intelligence
B)   genetics
C)   desire
D)   surprise

Question 9

Actions bringing about some change that leads to some consequence Skinner called __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   reinforcers
B)   successive approximations
C)   operants
D)   modifiers

Question 10

A small child is in speech therapy. When the child correctly responds, the therapist gives her a goldfish cracker or a sip of juice. The therapist is using __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned reinforcers
B)   conditioned stimuli
C)   aversive stimuli
D)   primary reinforcers

Question 11

What is reinforcement best defined as?

Accepted Answer

A)   a stimulus that results in generalization
B)   an opportunity to engage in a preferred activity
C)   an event that maintains homeostasis
D)   an experience that results in a CER

Question 12

What learned contingency is most important in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   if CS, then US and if not CS, then not US
B)   if CS, then CR and if not CS, then not CR
C)   if US, then UR and if not US, then not UR
D)   if US, then CS and if not US, then not CS

Question 13

How does reconditioning differ from spontaneous recovery?

Accepted Answer

A)   Reconditioning refers to processes that are seen only in classical conditioning, whereas spontaneous recovery refers to processes that are seen only in operant conditioning.
B)   Reconditioning refers to the addition of a second CS that precedes the original CS of a CS-US pairing, whereas spontaneous recovery refers to the elimination of conditioned fear.
C)   Reconditioning refers to the presentation of the CS after extinction and a subsequent rest period, whereas spontaneous recovery refers to the act of presenting further CS-US trials after extinction.
D)   Reconditioning refers to the act of presenting further CS-US trials after extinction whereas spontaneous recovery refers to the presentation of the CS after extinction and a subsequent rest period.

Question 14

Compensatory drug reactions, such as those to injections of insulin or heroin, offer the strongest support to which of the following ideas?

Accepted Answer

A)   The CR is a weak duplicate of the UR.
B)   Extinction is more a suppression of the CR than a forgetting of the conditioning process.
C)   The CS acts as an anticipatory signal for the US.
D)   The conditioned response suppression is a good index of CERs.

Question 15

What would one call salivation as a reaction to lemon juice in the mouth?

Accepted Answer

A)   a conditioned response
B)   an unconditioned response
C)   a conditioned stimulus
D)   an unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

Benny, an unfortunate family dog, has been brought up in an abusive environment; his owners routinely beat him with a broomstick. Now, Benny cries and whimpers anytime he sees a broom. In terms of classical conditioning, what is the broom in this example?

Accepted Answer

A)   an unconditioned stimulus
B)   a conditioned stimulus
C)   a punisher
D)   a negative reinforcer

Question 17

Which of the following phenomena demonstrates conclusively that an extinguished CR is not forgotten?

Accepted Answer

A)   the presence of higher-order conditioning
B)   reconditioning
C)   spontaneous recovery
D)   both b and c

Question 18

The basic procedure that produces classical conditioning is that a __________ is followed, after a very brief interval, by a __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   desired response; reinforcement
B)   US; UCR
C)   CS; CR
D)   CS; US

Question 19

What is indicated by the fact that conditioning is most effective when the US immediately follows the CS?

Accepted Answer

A)   Classical conditioning involves learning that the CS is a predictive signal for the occurrence of the US.
B)   Classical conditioning will not produce an association between the CS and US in early training.
C)   Classical conditioning depends on the salience of the CS US pairing.
D)   Extinction is a major factor that weakens conditioned responses.

Question 20

How did cats in Thorndike's puzzle boxes typically behave?

Accepted Answer

A)   At first they struggled to get out, but once they got out successfully they were able to get out very quickly on the next try.
B)   They were let out of the box after they produced the required amount of saliva.
C)   They were frustrated at first, but eventually experienced learned helplessness and gave up.
D)   They learned gradually, through trial and error.

Exam 7: Learning

Which observation was most directly responsible for redirecting Pavlov's research from the study of digestive reflexes to investigations of conditioning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Although the CR is typically similar to the UR, the two responses are not identical. Evidence for this is clear in fear conditioning experiments in which the CR, but not the UR, involves __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How does reconditioning differ from spontaneous recovery?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How is fear conditioning accomplished?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Actions bringing about some change that leads to some consequence Skinner called __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Dominique watches her brother use the kitchen drawers to climb to get into the cookie jar. She then climbs to the counter using the same technique her brother used. This would be an example of which kind of learning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How did cats in Thorndike's puzzle boxes typically behave?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is reinforcement best defined as?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A small child is in speech therapy. When the child correctly responds, the therapist gives her a goldfish cracker or a sip of juice. The therapist is using __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following phenomena demonstrates conclusively that an extinguished CR is not forgotten?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What learned contingency is most important in classical conditioning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What would one call salivation as a reaction to lemon juice in the mouth?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Benny, an unfortunate family dog, has been brought up in an abusive environment; his owners routinely beat him with a broomstick. Now, Benny cries and whimpers anytime he sees a broom. In terms of classical conditioning, what is the broom in this example?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Thorndike proposed that learning occurs because certain responses meet with reinforcement and therefore become more likely to occur. This idea is known as the law of __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What can be said of conditioned reinforcement?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A tap to the leg just below the knee leads to the knee-jerk response. This response can be elicited even in newborns. What is the knee jerk following a tap on the leg an example of?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is indicated by the fact that conditioning is most effective when the US immediately follows the CS?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compensatory drug reactions, such as those to injections of insulin or heroin, offer the strongest support to which of the following ideas?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A phenomenon called the blocking effect demonstrates the key role played by __________ in conditioning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The basic procedure that produces classical conditioning is that a __________ is followed, after a very brief interval, by a __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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The basic procedure that produces classical conditioning is that a is followed, after a very brief interval, by a .

Correct Answer
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