Question 1

B. F. Skinner first uncovered evidence of extinction in his laboratory when

Accepted Answer

A)   he repeated Pavlov's famous experiments (i.e., followed authority) 
B)   he reasoned that an absence of reinforcement would eliminate a behavior
C)   his apparatus malfunctioned
D)   he forgot to feed his animalsE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 2

According to Thomas Kuhn, it is generally a good thing for scientists to hang on to their pet theories tenaciously. Why?

Accepted Answer

A)   they seem more human that way
B)   by seeking out controversies with other scientists, they keep their aging minds sharp
C)   by vigorously advocating their theory, it won't be abandoned without a thorough test
D)   none of the above-because they are objective, dispassionate, and ruled only by data, "tenacity" is not a term that characterizes scientistsE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 3

Our experiences can be a valuable guide to the truth, but drawing firm conclusions from experience can be affected by our tendencies to ignore events that don't support our beliefs. That is, we sometimes

Accepted Answer

A)   use the availability heuristic
B)   have a confirmation bias
C)   decide on the truth on the basis of logic rather than direct experience
D)   rely too much on introspectionE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 4

To be data driven is to

Accepted Answer

A)   insist on empirical support for assertions
B)   use scientific methods even when they are inappropriate
C)   collect more data than is really necessary in order to answer an empirical question
D)   insist that the only valid question is an empirical questionE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 5

A way to scientifically test (and potentially falsify)  graphology's claims is to

Accepted Answer

A)   collect writing samples whose topics are not about the individual (e.g., copy a piece of text) 
B)   compare graphology's results with those of valid and reliable personality tests
C)   avoid anecdotal evidence
D)   all of the aboveE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 6

Ted argues that the mind equals the brain. His argument is based on the assertion that the mind ceases to function when the brain ceases to function. This illustrates which of Peirce's ways of fixing belief?

Accepted Answer

A)   the a priori method
B)   the method of direct experience
C)   the scientific method
D)   the method of authorityE) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 7

Psychological scientists make the assumptions of determinism and discoverability. What do they mean by these terms and why do they consider them an essential part of their belief system?

Accepted Answer

Psychological scientists make the assump...

Question 8

After a tragic and much publicized plane crash, Ed came to believe that air travel was not as safe as traveling by car; Ed was a victim of the _____________ heuristic.

Accepted Answer

The answer of After a tragic and much publicized plane...

Question 9

Relying on authority as a basis for fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

A)   Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause, namely God
B)   Why do I know it? I just know it, that's all
C)   My country, right or wrong
D)   It just stands to reason that animals with a cortex must have some level of consciousnessE) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 10

With which of the following attributes of scientific thinking is most likely to confuse and frustrate the general public?

Accepted Answer

A)   the desire for objectivity
B)   the emphasis of supporting claims with data
C)   the recognition that conclusions are tentative
D)   the reliance on empirical questionsE) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 11

Students sometimes change their answers on multiple-choice questions. Many students believe that the most common outcome is that they change from the correct answer to a wrong answer, despite research that shows that students more often change from an incorrect answer to a correct one. What accounts for the strength of this erroneous belief?

Accepted Answer

A)   scientific thinking via logical deduction
B)   social cognition biases that distort their beliefs of their experiences
C)   a priori thinking-they reason that it would have been better to go with the first hunch or instinct
D)   none of the above-students in fact believe that they are successful when they change answersE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

People often will believe that learning graphology will allow them to assess one's personality. One reason is motivational-having spent $30, they convince themselves of the value of the experience and work harder to bring about the desired outcome. This phenomenon is called

Accepted Answer

A)   confirmation bias
B)   belief perseverance
C)   availability heuristic
D)   effort justificationE) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 13

Describe the four main goals of psychological science and use an example of each goal to illustrate your points.

Accepted Answer

The four main goals of psychological sci...

Question 14

A research methods course is to a social psychology course as ______ is to ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   content; process
B)   process; content
C)   scientific; nonscientific
D)   philosophy; sociologyE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 15

Which of the following is not an important factor when determining that X is causing Y to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)   X and Y covary
B)   X and Y should occur simultaneously
C)   alternative explanations for Y can be ruled out
D)   variation in X produces predictable variation in YE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 16

As psychologists use the term, determinism means that

Accepted Answer

A)   free choice does not exist
B)   all the events of our lives have been "determined" ahead of time
C)   every event has a cause that can be known and discovered with certainty
D)   events can be predicted with greater than chance probabilityE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of describing behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests
B)   test anxiety results from an early history of school failure
C)   test anxiety can be reduced through relaxation training
D)   test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjectsE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 18

Explain why the research methods course is considered to be an essential foundation for all the remaining courses in the psychology curriculum.

Accepted Answer

The research methods course is considere...

Question 19

All of the following generally characterize pseudoscience except

Accepted Answer

A)   they try to confuse the naive by associating with concepts from legitimate science
B)   they rely exclusively on anecdotal evidence for support
C)   they cannot be adequately falsified
D)   they take simple concepts and make them seem overly complexE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 20

Regular and predictable relationships between variables are called

Accepted Answer

A)   explanations
B)   theories
C)   predictions
D)   lawsE) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Exam 1: Scientific Thinking in Psychology

People often will believe that learning graphology will allow them to assess one's personality. One reason is motivational-having spent $30, they convince themselves of the value of the experience and work harder to bring about the desired outcome. This phenomenon is called

Correct Answer
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Ted argues that the mind equals the brain. His argument is based on the assertion that the mind ceases to function when the brain ceases to function. This illustrates which of Peirce's ways of fixing belief?

Correct Answer
verified

According to Thomas Kuhn, it is generally a good thing for scientists to hang on to their pet theories tenaciously. Why?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

As psychologists use the term, determinism means that

Correct Answer
verified

With which of the following attributes of scientific thinking is most likely to confuse and frustrate the general public?

Correct Answer
verified

Regular and predictable relationships between variables are called

Correct Answer
verified

A research methods course is to a social psychology course as is to .

Correct Answer
verified

Describe the four main goals of psychological science and use an example of each goal to illustrate your points.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The four main goals of psychological sci...
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Which of the following is not an important factor when determining that X is causing Y to occur?

Correct Answer
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B. F. Skinner first uncovered evidence of extinction in his laboratory when

Correct Answer
verified

After a tragic and much publicized plane crash, Ed came to believe that air travel was not as safe as traveling by car; Ed was a victim of the _____________ heuristic.

Correct Answer
verified

All of the following generally characterize pseudoscience except

Correct Answer
verified

Our experiences can be a valuable guide to the truth, but drawing firm conclusions from experience can be affected by our tendencies to ignore events that don't support our beliefs. That is, we sometimes

Correct Answer
verified

To be data driven is to

Correct Answer
verified

A way to scientifically test (and potentially falsify) graphology's claims is to

Correct Answer
verified

Psychological scientists make the assumptions of determinism and discoverability. What do they mean by these terms and why do they consider them an essential part of their belief system?

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Psychological scientists make the assump...
View Answer

Which of the following is an example of describing behavior?

Correct Answer
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Explain why the research methods course is considered to be an essential foundation for all the remaining courses in the psychology curriculum.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The research methods course is considere...
View Answer

Relying on authority as a basis for fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 1: Scientific Thinking in Psychology

People often will believe that learning graphology will allow them to assess one's personality. One reason is motivational-having spent $30, they convince themselves of the value of the experience and work harder to bring about the desired outcome. This phenomenon is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Ted argues that the mind equals the brain. His argument is based on the assertion that the mind ceases to function when the brain ceases to function. This illustrates which of Peirce's ways of fixing belief?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Thomas Kuhn, it is generally a good thing for scientists to hang on to their pet theories tenaciously. Why?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

As psychologists use the term, determinism means that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

With which of the following attributes of scientific thinking is most likely to confuse and frustrate the general public?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Regular and predictable relationships between variables are called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A research methods course is to a social psychology course as ______ is to ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe the four main goals of psychological science and use an example of each goal to illustrate your points.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIThe four main goals of psychological sci...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following is not an important factor when determining that X is causing Y to occur?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

B. F. Skinner first uncovered evidence of extinction in his laboratory when

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After a tragic and much publicized plane crash, Ed came to believe that air travel was not as safe as traveling by car; Ed was a victim of the _____________ heuristic.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All of the following generally characterize pseudoscience except

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Our experiences can be a valuable guide to the truth, but drawing firm conclusions from experience can be affected by our tendencies to ignore events that don't support our beliefs. That is, we sometimes

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To be data driven is to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A way to scientifically test (and potentially falsify) graphology's claims is to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Psychological scientists make the assumptions of determinism and discoverability. What do they mean by these terms and why do they consider them an essential part of their belief system?

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIPsychological scientists make the assump...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following is an example of describing behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain why the research methods course is considered to be an essential foundation for all the remaining courses in the psychology curriculum.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIThe research methods course is considere...View AnswerShow Answer

Relying on authority as a basis for fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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A research methods course is to a social psychology course as is to .

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The four main goals of psychological sci...
View Answer

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Psychological scientists make the assump...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The research methods course is considere...
View Answer

Correct Answer
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