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The ancient water erosion features on the surface of Mars suggest that the planet must have had a much


A) warmer, thinner atmosphere in the past
B) cooler, thicker atmosphere in the past
C) cooler, thinner atmosphere in the past
D) warmer, thicker atmosphere in the past

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Liquid water cannot exist for very long on the surface of Mars today because


A) it gets rapidly destroyed by intense solar radiation
B) its surface temperature is too high
C) it rapidly reacts with the Martian surface to form peroxides
D) its atmosphere is too thin

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The positive result from the Labeled Release experiment was inconsistent with the results from which other biology experiment or experiments?


A) Carbon Assimilation
B) Gas Exchange
C) Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer
D) it was inconsistent with all of them

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Observations by the Mars Odyssey orbiter show that most of the water on Mars today is


A) frozen beneath the surface
B) flowing in rivers on the surface
C) present in the atmosphere
D) present in the residual polar caps

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Due to the dust suspended in the Martian atmosphere, sunrises and sunsets on Mars are


A) red
B) orange
C) blue
D) yellow

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What method has been used to determine the most recent time the Tharsis volcanoes on Mars have erupted?


A) measuring the thickness of lava flows on their sides
B) measuring the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by them
C) measuring the changes in sulfur compound concentrations in the planet's atmosphere
D) counting the craters on their slopes

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If a glass of liquid water were suddenly exposed to the Martian atmosphere today, the water would


A) either freeze or evaporate away
B) burst into flames
C) remain liquid
D) decompose into hydrogen and oxygen gases

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Even though 95% of the Martian atmosphere is composed of carbon dioxide, the greenhouse effect on Mars today is very weak because its atmosphere is very


A) dusty
B) thin
C) dry
D) cold

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Which of the following statements best describes the idea behind the Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer Experiment on board the Viking landers?


A) soil with living organisms in it should contain organic molecules
B) radioactive gases should be produced when radioactive nutrients are added to a soil sample
C) living organisms in the soil should incorporate carbon from atmospheric gases
D) living organisms in the soil should give off gases when they metabolize nutrients

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Which of the following do winds on Mars NOT cause


A) global dust storms
B) local dust storms
C) hurricanes
D) dust devils

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Which of the following did NOT contribute to the thinning of the Martian atmosphere during its early history?


A) the photodissociation of water molecules by ultraviolet light in the atmosphere
B) the stripping of the atmosphere by solar wind particles from the Sun
C) the consumption of carbon dioxide by photosynthetic bacteria
D) atmospheric gases being blasted into space by large impacts

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The most important geological process occurring on Mars today is


A) water erosion
B) plate tectonics
C) volcanism
D) wind erosion

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The extent to which Mars has been habitable essentially boils down to the


A) question of whether liquid water has ever been present on its surface
B) question of whether oceans of liquid water have existed on its surface
C) amount of water that has been present on its surface
D) length of time liquid water has been present at or below its surface

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As far as we know, the first scientist to seriously suggest the possibility of life on Mars was


A) Angelo Secchi
B) Percival Lowell
C) Giovanni Schiaparelli
D) William Herschel

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The interior of Mars cooled more quickly than the interior of the Earth because it has


A) a smaller surface area-to-volume ratio
B) a lower density
C) a larger surface area-to-volume ratio
D) a thinner atmosphere

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Due to its elliptical orbit, Mars is closer to the Sun on average during summer in the Southern Hemisphere. This means Southern Summer on Mars will be


A) short and hot
B) long and hot
C) long and mild
D) short and mild

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When Percival Lowell insisted on the existence of Martian canals, even though his observations were discredited by other scientists, he exhibited


A) objectivity
B) stupidity
C) madness
D) personal bias

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What are the most likely sources of the methane gas detected in the Martian atmosphere by the Mars Express orbiter?


A) biological activity only
B) biological and/or volcanic activity
C) comet impacts only
D) volcanic activity only

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Spacecraft orbiting Mars have detected hydrated minerals, such as clays, sulfates, and silica, which are known to form in the presence of


A) hydrogen
B) water
C) carbon dioxide
D) oxygen

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What is the most convincing piece of evidence to suggest that Martian meteorites actually come from Mars?


A) they are igneous rocks
B) they contain trapped gases with a similar composition to the Martian atmosphere
C) they are red in color
D) they show evidence for having been in contact with water

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