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The sequence of interrelated events by which rocks are formed, altered, destroyed, and re-formed is known as the _____________.

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A cohesive aggregate of one or more minerals is called a


A) crystal.
B) gem.
C) silicate.
D) rock.

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Stratification, or _____________, is the layering that develops at the time sediments are deposited.

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Which igneous rock has dark color (low silica content) and small grains (fine texture) ?


A) Gabbro
B) Granite
C) Rhyolite
D) Basalt

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Gas, lava, and ______________ are the three general products emitted during a volcanic eruption.

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pyroclasti...

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The element that is most abundant in Earth's crust is


A) silicon.
B) iron.
C) oxygen.
D) nitrogen.

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One main type of feldspar that contains potassium is


A) quartz.
B) orthoclase.
C) plagioclase.
D) pyrite.

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The size and shape assumed by the crystal faces when a mineral crystal has time and space to grow are known as the mineral's ______________.

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James Hutton formulated the concept of


A) catastrophism.
B) superposition.
C) plate tectonics.
D) uniformitarianism.

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Which of the following is the hardest mineral?


A) Quartz
B) Diamond
C) Talc
D) Gypsum

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The sedimentary rock known as ______________ consists of rounded pebbles cemented together by silica, calcium carbonate, or iron oxide.


A) conglomerate
B) breccia
C) limestone
D) shale

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The most common rocks in Earth's crust are


A) sedimentary.
B) metamorphic.
C) igneous.
D) lava.

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A set of ten minerals used as reference standards in determining hardness is called the______________ hardness scale.

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Dripstone formations that form on cavern floors are called _____________.

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Any naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline substance with a fairly definite chemical composition is called a(n)


A) element.
B) compound.
C) rock.
D) mineral.

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The study of minerals is called


A) paleontology.
B) geology.
C) mineralogy.
D) petrology.

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The term ______________ refers to the way in which a mineral breaks into splinters, irregularly shaped pieces, or shell-shaped surfaces.

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Sediments are classified according to the source of their constituents into two main groups. One is chemical. What is the other?


A) Physical
B) Clastic
C) Detrital
D) Inorganic

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The term ______________ refers to the tendency of some mineral to break along flat planes at definite angles.

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The scientist ______________ is generally regarded as "the father of geology."


A) David Johnston
B) Friedrich Mohs
C) James Hutton
D) Henry Beston

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