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Although restorative justice practices differ,they include such things as caning panels,in which victims utilize corporal punishment against the offender.

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According to Marx,it is the _____ who work for the bourgeoisie.

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Which of the following best represents peacemaking criminology?


A) Peacemaking criminology suggests that crime is a by-product of war
B) Peacemaking criminology contends that criminals lack the ability to find compromise with their victims
C) Peacemaking criminology argues that groups with legislative power have the power to decide which behaviors will be illegal and that crime stems from the lack of peace among various interest groups
D) Peacemaking criminology views crime as just one of the many forms of suffering that characterize human existence

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_____ Marxism considers the ruling class a small,unified group that uses the law to dominate the poor and to advance its own interests.

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Traditional theories of deviance and crime adopt an absolutist definition of deviance as something real that is inherent in behavior.In contrast,labeling theory adopts a relativist definition.

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Which of the following considers the ruling class a small,unified group that uses the law to dominate the poor and to advance its own interests?


A) Constitutional Marxism
B) Determinist Marxism
C) Expressive Marxism
D) Instrumental Marxism

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Instrumental Marxism considers the ruling class a large,unified group that uses the law to benefit all of society.

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In a self-fulfilling prophecy,the social-psychological and practical consequences of official labeling thus lead to deviance amplification.

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John Braithwaite argues that:


A) Even positive labels have negative results in they are disliked by the individual
B) The success of shaming is dependent upon one's genetic characteristics such as skin color
C) Labeling is particularly effective tool for elderly offenders
D) The type of shaming involved in labeling makes a crucial difference for continued deviance

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Labeling theory's focus is not on the initial act or two leading someone to be officially labeled.These acts are examples of _____.


A) Quadrant deviance
B) Tertiary deviance
C) Secondary deviance
D) Primary deviance

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The proletariat class is sometimes called the ruling class.

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Matching: Match the term or concept with the correct description. Matching: Match the term or concept with the correct description.

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A.*i
B.*a
...

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Which of the following focuses on restoring the social bond between the offender and the community?


A) Retributive justice
B) Restorative justice
C) Reactive justice
D) Recidivist justice

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Critical perspectives are often called social _____ theories.

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Which of the following is NOT one of the four areas generally addressed in feminist criminology?


A) Peacemaking with capitalism
B) Victimization of women
C) Gender differences in crime
D) Explanations of women's criminality

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Consensus theory says that social institutions serve the interests of the powerful in society and are dysfunctional for many other members of society.

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Deviance is not a quality of the act a person commits; some people and behaviors are more likely than others to be labeled _____.


A) Deviant
B) Destructive
C) Deterred
D) Demonic

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