Question 1

In operant conditioning, UNLIKE classical conditioning,

Accepted Answer

A)   every response leads to a combination of both reinforcement and punishment.
B)   individuals learn without actually doing anything.
C)   the individual's response controls the outcome (reinforcement or punishment) .
D)   the stimuli will be presented at certain times regardless of the individual's actions.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

The probability of a given response is decreased by

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement.
B)   negative reinforcement.
C)   punishment.
D)   either negative reinforcement or punishment.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 3

What is the procedure for producing stimulus generalization of a conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A)   Extinguish the response and then allow time to pass without further testing.
B)   Reinforce the subject for making a response to one stimulus but not to a different stimulus.
C)   Train the subject to respond to one stimulus and then present a similar but not identical stimulus.
D)   Offer the subject an opportunity to make a response that has never previously been reinforced.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an important part of the social learning approach?

Accepted Answer

A)   imitation
B)   trial and error
C)   vicarious reinforcement
D)   self-reinforcementE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

Something that cannot be directly observed, but which links various procedures to various responses is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   intervening variable.
B)   hypothesis.
C)   theory.
D)   interacting variable.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 6

What procedure would you use to train your dog to go to the bedroom, pick up your slippers, carry them to your favorite chair, go to the door, get the newspaper, and bring it to you?

Accepted Answer

A)   imitation
B)   classical conditioning
C)   vicarious reinforcement
D)   modelingE) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 7

Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against the views of

Accepted Answer

A)   Watson.
B)   Pavlov.
C)   the structuralists.
D)   the ethologists.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 8

A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears a tone of one pitch and not to salivate to a second pitch. This effect is called

Accepted Answer

A)   discrimination.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   stimulus generalization.
D)   extinction.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 9

Which kind of learning occurs reliably even though the elements to be associated are separated by an hour or more?

Accepted Answer

A)   response followed by shock
B)   response followed by food
C)   auditory stimulus followed by food
D)   eating a new food followed by illnessE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 10

Which of the following would be an example of omission training?

Accepted Answer

A)   You drink less beer than you once did, because you feel sick after drinking more than one glass.
B)   Because you drive recklessly, you temporarily lose the privilege of driving the family car.
C)   Your employer gives you bonus pay for working overtime.
D)   You turn off a dripping faucet, ending the "drip-drip-drip" sound.E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 11

Responses that are followed by satisfaction to the animal will be more firmly connected with the situation so that they will be more likely to recur in the future. This is a brief statement of the

Accepted Answer

A)   law of effect.
B)   principle of temporal contiguity.
C)   Premack principle.
D)   vicarious reinforcement principle.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 12

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)   blinking the eyes
B)   the puff of air
C)   the tone
D)   the eyelidsE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

A)   interest in animal learning in laboratory conditions
B)   belief that all behavior has causes
C)   search for an understanding of stimulus-response relationships
D)   interest in the difference between conscious and unconscious thoughtE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 14

Pavlov believed that presenting the CS at nearly the same time as the UCS caused

Accepted Answer

A)   stimulation of the reward centers in the brain.
B)   distraction leading to extinction of the CR.
C)   the growth of a connection between the CS center and the UCS center in the brain.
D)   backward conditioning, later known as operant conditioning.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 15

In operant conditioning, shaping means

Accepted Answer

A)   molding the animal into position so it can or must make the response.
B)   providing punishments for all responses other than the desired one.
C)   recording the brain waves that occur during and after a learned response.
D)   reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 16

According to social-learning theory

Accepted Answer

A)   we learn because of unconditioned reinforcement.
B)   we usually learn because we are classically conditioned by society.
C)   much human learning occurs because of imitation.
D)   operant conditioning is irrelevant for human learning.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 17

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment, the tone is the __________ and the puff of air is the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned stimulus...unconditioned stimulus
B)   conditioned stimulus...conditioned response
C)   unconditioned stimulus...unconditioned response
D)   conditioned response...unconditioned responseE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 18

How does an investigator produce extinction in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   Punish all responses.
B)   Present the CS without the UCS.
C)   Present the UCS without the UCR.
D)   Present the UCS without the CS.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 19

Skinner trained a rat to raise a flag and salute during the playing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." The training involved a combination of __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement...negative reinforcement
B)   positive reinforcement...punishment
C)   shaping...chaining
D)   operant conditioning...classical conditioningE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 20

A behaviorist would state that your thoughts and feelings do not cause your behavior because

Accepted Answer

A)   there is no evidence that we have thoughts and feelings.
B)   these thoughts and feelings are caused by events in the past and present environment.
C)   the body behaves, and the body cannot think.
D)   thoughts and feelings are not related to any physical events.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Exam 6: Learning

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behaviorism?

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In operant conditioning, shaping means

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A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears a tone of one pitch and not to salivate to a second pitch. This effect is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT an important part of the social learning approach?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Skinner trained a rat to raise a flag and salute during the playing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." The training involved a combination of __________ and __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The probability of a given response is decreased by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this experiment?

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According to social-learning theory

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against the views of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which kind of learning occurs reliably even though the elements to be associated are separated by an hour or more?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Pavlov believed that presenting the CS at nearly the same time as the UCS caused

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment, the tone is the __________ and the puff of air is the __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In operant conditioning, UNLIKE classical conditioning,

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How does an investigator produce extinction in classical conditioning?

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Responses that are followed by satisfaction to the animal will be more firmly connected with the situation so that they will be more likely to recur in the future. This is a brief statement of the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would be an example of omission training?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Something that cannot be directly observed, but which links various procedures to various responses is called a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the procedure for producing stimulus generalization of a conditioned response?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What procedure would you use to train your dog to go to the bedroom, pick up your slippers, carry them to your favorite chair, go to the door, get the newspaper, and bring it to you?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A behaviorist would state that your thoughts and feelings do not cause your behavior because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Skinner trained a rat to raise a flag and salute during the playing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." The training involved a combination of and .

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In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment, the tone is the and the puff of air is the .

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