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A specific animal virus has the ability to attach to and enter almost any animal host cell.

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Viruses mutate and some have not been discovered.

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Which of the following is not associated with every virus?


A) envelope
B) capsomeres
C) capsid
D) nucleic acid
E) genome

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Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the question that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Mr. Olson arrived in the emergency department with his 10-month-old son. Mr. Olson states he had difficulty waking his son from a nap this afternoon. Additionally, the infant was unable to hold his spoon at dinner and did not seem to be chewing correctly. You observe that the patient has a very weak cry. Mr. Olson noted that the only difference in his son’s diet was the ingestion of fresh honey on his toast at breakfast yesterday. You suspect Clostridium botulinum infection due to the ingestion of bacterial endospores. -Which of the following best explains how a bacterial prophage can negatively impact human health?


A) Toxins or enzymes are produced by the infected bacterial pathogen that cause pathology in humans.
B) The entry of the prophage causes cessation of protein synthesis in human cells.
C) The lysis of infected human cells results in the release of numerous phage particles.
D) The entry of the prophage shuts down DNA replication in human cells.

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Who developed a rabies vaccine by separating bacteria from virus using a filter?


A) Leewonhoek
B) Koch
C) Pasteur
D) Cohn
E) Semmelwise

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What type of phage enters an inactive prophage stage?


A) primary
B) secondary
C) temperate
D) temporary
E) transformed

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Viruses are ultramicroscopic because they range in size from 2 mm to 450 mm.

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Viruses attach to their hosts via


A) host glycoproteins.
B) host phospholipids.
C) viral phospholipids.
D) viral flagella.
E) All of the choices are correct.

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Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle.

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Which of the following will not support viral cultivation?


A) live lab animals
B) embryonated bird eggs
C) primary cell cultures
D) continuous cell cultures
E) All of the choices will support viral cultivation.

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Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the question that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format. Mrs. Hammond is a 79-year-old woman who has been a resident on your floor for the past 5 years. She has been complaining of pain, burning, and tingling on her left side. Today, you observe fluid-filled blisters wrapping around the left side of her torso in a single line. The physician diagnoses her with shingles and places her on contact precautions. -Viruses differ from cells in that they consist of


A) only DNA.
B) only RNA.
C) both RNA and DNA.
D) either DNA or RNA but not both.

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Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus


A) spike.
B) capsomere.
C) envelope.
D) capsid.
E) core.

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Cells grown in culture form a(n)


A) monolayer.
B) bilayer.
C) aggregate.
D) plaque.
E) None of the choices is correct.

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Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called


A) viroids.
B) prions.
C) bacteriophages.
D) satellite viruses.
E) All of the choices infect bacteria.

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A common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use in vitro systems called _____ cultures.


A) embryo
B) cell
C) plaque
D) bacteriophage
E) egg

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Viruses are the most common cause of acute infections that do not result in hospitalization.

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Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect?


A) inclusions in the nucleus
B) multinucleated giant cells
C) inclusions in the cytoplasm
D) cells change shape
E) All of the choices are correct.

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The process of dissolving the envelope and capsid to release the viral nucleic acid is


A) adsorption.
B) penetration.
C) uncoating.
D) synthesis.
E) assembly.

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Viral nucleic acids include which of the following?


A) double-stranded DNA
B) single-stranded DNA
C) double-stranded RNA
D) single-stranded RNA
E) All of the choices are correct.

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The development of antiviral drug therapy is difficult because


A) viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so the host cell can be harmed by the drug.
B) viruses do not have specific replication cycles that can be targeted.
C) viruses do not contain genetic material.
D) their life cycles do not have distinctive stages.

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