A) Would the potential outcome of the proposed action pose a risk of embarrassment?
B) Is what we are proposing to do fully compliant with our code of ethical conduct?
C) Is there anything in the proposed action that could be considered ethically objectionable?
D) Is it apparent that this proposed action is in harmony with our core values?
E) Are any conflicts or concerns evident between the proposed action and our core values?
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A) An unethical strategy reflects badly on the character of the company personnel involved.
B) Most all shareholders believe it is honorable for their company to pursue an ethical strategy (even though it usually entails making less profit) and are turned off by company efforts to make greater profits via unethical means.
C) An ethical strategy is in the self-interest of shareholders, partly because an unethical strategy can damage a company's reputation and partly because unethical behavior can be very costly in terms of fines and penalties, legal and investigative costs, customer defections, and lower employee morale.
D) Customers shun companies known for their shady behavior and ethically upstanding company personnel are repulsed by a work environment where unethical behavior is condoned.
E) A strategy that is unethical in whole or in part is morally wrong.
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A) many basic moral standards travel well across cultures and countries and really do not vary significantly according to local cultural beliefs, social mores, religious convictions, and/or the circumstances of the situation.
B) since ethical standards are subjectively-determined rather than objectively-determined, each company has a window within which it can define and implement its own ethical principles of right and wrong.
C) what is deemed right or wrong, fair or unfair, moral or immoral, ethical or unethical in business situations should be judged in light of local customs and social mores and can legitimately vary from one culture or nation to another.
D) each country should have some degree of latitude in setting its own ethical standards for judging the ethical correctness of business actions/behaviors within its borders.
E) concepts of right and wrong as they apply to business behavior are always varying shades of gray, never absolute (i.e. black or white) .
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A) deal chiefly with the actions and behaviors required to operate companies in a socially responsible manner.
B) deal chiefly with the rules each company's top management and board of directors make about "what is right" and "what is wrong."
C) are not materially different from ethical principles in general.
D) are generally less stringent than the ethical principles for society at large.
E) are generally more stringent than the ethical principles for society at large.
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A) "It's the right thing to do."
B) Most business leaders can be expected to acknowledge that socially responsible actions and environmental sustainability are important and that businesses have a duty to be good corporate citizens.
C) In return for society granting a business a "license to operate" and not be unreasonably restrained in its pursuit of a fair profit, a business is obligated to act as a responsible citizen and do its fair share to promote the general welfare.
D) Acting in a socially responsible manner is in the overall best interest of shareholders.
E) Every business has a moral duty to take corporate citizenship into consideration and to do what's best for shareholders within the confines of discharging its duties to operate honorably, provide good working conditions to employees, be a good environmental steward, and display good corporate citizenship.
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A) vary enormously from religion to religion and country to country across the world.
B) are present in all societies, organizations, and individuals; some of the most important concepts (for example, being truthful) of what is right and what is wrong resonate with people of most cultures, and are thus universal.
C) ultimately depend on the circumstances-nothing is really black or white when it comes to ethical standards.
D) are governed mainly by the thinking and writings of religious clerics at the School of Morally Correct Thinking and Behavior in Geneva, Switzerland.
E) ultimately depend on a person's own values and beliefs.
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A) of the dangers that top management will get embarrassed if the company's unethical behavior is publicly exposed.
B) (1) a strategy that is unethical in whole or in part is morally wrong and reflects badly on the character of the company personnel involved and (2) an ethical strategy is good business and in the best interest of shareholders.
C) everyone is an ethics watchdog and somebody is sure to blow the whistle on the company's unethical behavior.
D) of the risks of getting caught and prosecuted by governmental authorities if an unethical strategy is used.
E) unethical strategies are inconsistent with or else weaken the corporate culture.
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A) a company's duty to put the public interest ahead of shareholder interests.
B) societal expectations that all company stakeholders will be treated equally and fairly.
C) a company's duty to establish socially acceptable core values and to have a strictly enforced code of ethical conduct.
D) the responsibility that top management has for ensuring that the company's actions and decisions are in the best interest of society at large.
E) a company's duty to operate in an honorable manner, provide good working conditions for employees, be a good steward of the environment, and actively work to better the quality of life in the local communities where it operates and in society at large.
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A) pursue discretionary activities that contribute to the betterment of society, especially in areas where government has chosen not to focus its efforts or has fallen short.
B) are active participants in the political process.
C) identify up-and-coming managers who have a future in local- or state-level politics.
D) create a democratic workplace whereby the voices of lower-level employees are heard through representation on the board of directors.
E) All of these.
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A) correctly recognizes that all soundly-reasoned ethical standards are universal.
B) accommodates the best parts of ethical universalism and ethical relativism.
C) puts no absolute limits on what actions and behaviors fall inside the boundaries of what is ethically or morally right and which actions/behaviors fall outside.
D) recognizes the importance of allowing local ethical norms to always take precedence over universal ethical norms.
E) recognizes that individuals and businesses have a basic right to "moral free space" and that it is inappropriate to specify ethically permissible and ethically impermissible actions and behaviors.
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A) is based on the principle of treating people fairly and with respect.
B) is based on the conviction that improving the well-being of society ranks higher in priority and is certainly more noble than making a profit and serving the interests of shareholders.
C) boils down to "it's the right thing to do."
D) rests on the principle that a business is duty bound to fulfill its social contract to serve the interests of all stakeholders in a business enterprise.
E) is based on the principle that business activities lack real legitimacy and have few socially redeeming qualities unless and until a company exerts a significant and sincere effort to give something back to the community.
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A) Corporate takeover.
B) Self-dealing.
C) Mergers and forced sale of stocks.
D) Shareholder buyout.
E) Increased investment of time and money into business operations.
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A) ethical universalism recognizes the obvious-basic moral standards vary significantly according to local cultural beliefs, local religious beliefs, and social mores.
B) ethical standards are objectively-determined by religious and moral experts.
C) what is deemed right or wrong, fair or unfair, moral or immoral, ethical or unethical is (or should be) grounded in religious doctrine and applied strictly to all business situations.
D) it draws upon the collective views of multiple societies and cultures to put some clear boundaries on what constitutes ethical business behavior and what constitutes unethical business behavior no matter what country market or culture a company is operating in.
E) it leaves no room for thinking that concepts of right and wrong can be varying shades of gray-they are always absolute and unambiguous.
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A) greed, atheism, pervasive managerial immorality, and a general lack of scruples on the part of top executives regarding how customers and suppliers should be treated.
B) ethically corrupt corporate cultures, heavy pressures on company managers to meet or beat performance targets, and overzealous pursuit of personal gain, wealth, and other self interests.
C) widespread managerial belief in the ethical relativism school of thinking.
D) an aversion to ethical correctness on the part of top executives and a belief that unethical behavior is unimportant and probably won't be discovered.
E) intense competitive pressures.
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A) making assessments of the moral character of the company managers.
B) the tendency for managers to focus excessive attention on short-term performance objectives.
C) assessing the costs and damage to the companies reputation as a result of ethical violations.
D) weighing the short-term costs of regulatory compliance with the long-term costs of non-compliance.
E) assessing the short-term costs of complying with government regulations.
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A) economic, social, environmental.
B) pay, power, performance.
C) planning, exertion, results.
D) None of these.
E) All of these.
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A) are governed by the school of ethical universalism.
B) are governed both by (1) a limited number of universal ethical principles that are widely recognized as putting legitimate ethical boundaries on actions and behavior in all situations and (2) the circumstances of local cultures, traditions, and shared values that further prescribe what constitutes ethically permissible behavior and what does not-but universal ethical norms always take precedence over local norms.
C) are governed by each country's Code of Required Ethical Conduct which sets forth that each individual/group/business/organization has a "social contract" to observe the ethical and moral standards that the country has adopted.
D) should be determined by the company's moral managers.
E) should never be absolute but rather always provide some wiggle room according to the circumstances of the situation.
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