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A) bacterial genomes undergo mutation rapidly.
B) bacterial genomes undergo mutation often.
C) short generation times accumulate mutations in populations.
D) mutations are passed between organisms.
E) All of the choices are correct.
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A) disrupt cell membrane function.
B) include tetracyclines.
C) include azithromycin, clarithromcyin, and erythromycin.
D) are very narrow-spectrum drugs.
E) are hepatotoxic.
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A) A Kirby-Bauer technique
B) A antibiogram
C) An E-test
D) A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test
E) A therapeutic index (TI)
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A) they are able to denature the membrane-associated proteins, creating pores thereby disrupting the integrity.
B) they target the phosphate group on the phospholipids, breaking down the bilayer.
C) they act as enzymes to break down the phospholipids.
D) they contain a lipid part that enables them to act as a detergent.
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A) Penicillium
B) Bacillus
C) Staphylococcus
D) Streptomyces
E) Cephalosporium
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A) The source is Bacillus polymyxa.
B) They are narrow spectrum.
C) They are toxic to kidneys.
D) They target cell walls.
E) They can be used to treat severe urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacilli.
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A) smaller
B) equal
C) larger
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A) they cause hepato- and nephrotoxicity in humans.
B) they often initiate the evolution of drug-resistant organisms.
C) they inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan, which humans do not make.
D) they initiate allergic reactions in many humans.
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A) Aminoglycosides
B) Tetracyclines
C) Erythromycin
D) Trimethroprim
E) Chloramphenicol
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A) development of resistance to the drug.
B) hepatotoxicity.
C) nephrotoxicity.
D) diarrhea.
E) deafness.
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A) interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.
B) are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.
C) attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D) damage cell membranes.
E) block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.
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A) blocks penetration.
B) blocks transcription and translation.
C) inhibits DNA synthesis.
D) blocks maturation.
E) bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane.
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A) Tetracycline and amphotericin B
B) Trimethoprim and sulfonamides
C) Rifampin and quinolones
D) Tetracycline and bacitracin
E) Penicillin and vancomycin
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A) beta-lactamase activity.
B) peptidoglycan synthesis.
C) formation of peptidoglycan cross linkages.
D) cell membrane synthesis.
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A) influenza A virus
B) HIV
C) herpes simplex virus
D) respiratory syncytial virus
E) hepatitis C virus
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A) semisynthetic drugs
B) broad-spectrum drugs
C) antibiotics
D) synthetic drugs
E) narrow-spectrum drugs
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A) The lab has made a mistake in identifying the cause,and,in fact,the UTI was caused by the original Streptococcus.
B) The lab has made a mistake in identifying the cause,and,in fact,the endocarditis was caused by the E.coli.
C) Her normal microbiota in the genitourinary tract were killed,allowing E.coli (not killed by the antibiotics) to establish an infection.
D) The antibiotics damaged her immune system,making her very susceptible to environmental bacteria.
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