Exam 17: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine

A) a quality of an external stimulus.
B) an individual's response to a stimulus.
C) the result of an interaction between an external stimulus and the individual's response.
D) the result of an interaction between two or more stimuli.

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A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24

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A) Biofeedback may not be more effective than other, less expensive, techniques.
B) Studies on biofeedback have not always been able to separate the effects of biofeedback from the effects of other treatments included in the same treatment package.
C) Biofeedback may be harmful, depending on the nature of the health condition.
D) Rightly or wrongly, biofeedback has a reputation for being faddish or cultish.

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A) biopsychosocial
B) psychosocial
C) biomedical
D) psychosomatic

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A) A person with peptic ulcers undergoes relaxation training.
B) A person with a fear of the dentist undergoes systematic desensitization.
C) Family members of a chronic pain patient are instructed to ignore the patient's complaints and reinforce the patient's attempts to become more physically active.
D) A person with hypertension is taught to imagine, during highly stressful times, a calming scenario that he/she has created with his/her health psychology professional.

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A) the best approach to these problems is early prevention.
B) aversion techniques appear to be most effective for dealing with these issues.
C) because these problems have strong genetic components, medical treatment ultimately will be more helpful than psychological treatment.
D) none of the above

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Systematic desensitization is a behavioral therapy technique used to help individuals overcome phobias and anxiety by gradually exposing them to their feared object or situation in a controlled and safe manner. The steps involved in systematic desensitization include: 1. Creating a fear hierarchy: The first step is to work with the individual to create a list of situations or stimuli related to their fear, ranked from least to most anxiety-provoking. For example, in a health psychology context, a person with a fear of needles may have a fear hierarchy that includes looking at pictures of needles, being in the same room as a needle, and eventually receiving an injection. 2. Progressive relaxation: The individual is taught relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or muscle relaxation, to help them manage their anxiety during exposure. 3. Exposure: The individual is gradually exposed to the items on their fear hierarchy, starting with the least anxiety-provoking item and working their way up. For example, they may start by looking at a picture of a needle while practicing relaxation techniques, and then progress to being in the same room as a needle, and eventually receiving an injection. 4. Reinforcement: Throughout the exposure process, the individual is encouraged to use their relaxation techniques and is provided with positive reinforcement for their efforts. By following these steps, individuals can learn to manage and eventually overcome their fears through systematic desensitization.

A) Several studies suggest that social support acts as a "buffer" against adverse health outcomes.
B) The effect of social support on health disappears after controlling for demographic variables and medical risk factors.
C) The relationship between social support and health goes in one direction only; although social support affects health outcomes, health status has no effect on social support networks.
D) all of the above

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A) Focusing on dire health consequences, such as cancer or emphysema, that may occur after years of smoking.
B) Teaching smoking refusal skills through peer modeling and role plays.
C) Offering video recorded presentations that focus on the peer/social influences on smoking.
D) Conducting discussion groups to monitor children's attitudes toward and knowledge about smoking.

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A) Biological origins of diseases have been emphasized over psychosocial explanations.
B) Physicians are unaware of the data supporting health psychology interventions.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

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A) enhancement of health.
B) improvement of the health care system.
C) shaping of public opinion with regard to health.
D) all of the above

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Three distinct health risks posed by obesity include an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer. Obesity can also lead to high blood pressure, sleep apnea, and joint problems. Three components of obesity prevention programs for children and youth that have shown promise in recent meta-analyses include promoting physical activity, encouraging healthy eating habits, and providing education on the importance of maintaining a healthy weight. Additionally, programs that focus on reducing screen time and promoting family involvement in healthy lifestyle choices have also been effective in preventing obesity in children and youth.

A) borderline
B) Type A
C) overachieving
D) psychasthenic

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A) low income
B) higher levels of self-efficacy
C) greater severity of illness
D) living with others

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A) Epinephrine
B) Cortisol
C) Capsaicin
D) Endorphin

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A) Despite widely known health risks, the number of habitual cigarette smokers is currently on the rise.
B) Rebelliousness contributes to the initiation of smoking, but not to maintenance of the habit.
C) Relapse rates for smoking cessation treatment are approximately 30%.
D) Most people who manage to quit smoking do so on their own.

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The "Type A" personality is characterize...

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A) The patient in the film anticipates the same procedure as Dr. Arden's patients.
B) The patient in the film appears confident as he/she anticipates the procedure.
C) The patient in the film copes successfully with the demands of the procedure.
D) All of the above would maximize the film's effectiveness.

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