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The Great Depression was caused by a combination of factors, including the stock market crash of 1929, overproduction, and a decrease in consumer spending. The collapse of the stock market led to a loss of confidence in the economy, causing businesses to cut back on production and lay off workers. This, in turn, led to a decrease in consumer spending, further exacerbating the economic downturn.
In response to the Great Depression, European states implemented various measures to try to mitigate its effects. Many countries, such as Germany and the United Kingdom, adopted protectionist policies to shield their domestic industries from foreign competition. They also implemented public works programs to create jobs and stimulate economic growth. Additionally, some European countries, such as the United Kingdom, also introduced social welfare programs to provide assistance to those most affected by the economic crisis.
Overall, the European states responded to the Great Depression by implementing a combination of protectionist policies, public works programs, and social welfare initiatives in an attempt to address the economic challenges they were facing.
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A) the closest advisors of Mussolini.
B) armed bands of Fascists who used violence to intimidate enemies.
C) elite soldiers of the Fascist state.
D) officers in the Italian military.
E) military opponents of Mussolini.
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A) failure, and the peasants quickly returned to their private plots.
B) the cooperation of kulaks.
C) the destruction of the collective farms.
D) immediate financial benefits for most of the peasants.
E) widespread famine.
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A) a rejection of the avant-garde.
B) a disillusionment with Western Civilization provoked by the horrors of the World War I.
C) realistic forms of art, as with the Dadaists.
D) an acceptance of modern art forms, especially in Germany and Russia.
E) a rediscovery of Romantic Realism as the major art movement in the West.
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A) Stalin's Soviet Union.
B) Mussolini's Italy.
C) Franco's Spain.
D) Hitler's Germany.
E) Salazar's Portugal.
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A) gave formal American approval to the French occupation of the Ruhr valley.
B) increased Germany's reparation payments in the face of fear Germany would default.
C) was a failed treaty between Germany and Austria over Germany's southern border.
D) granted a $200 million loan for German recovery.
E) was a treaty guaranteeing the border between Germany and Poland.
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A) authoritarianism.
B) Russian Soviet-style Communism.
C) parliamentary democracy.
D) Christian Socialism.
E) republicanism.
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A) Berlin.
B) Munich.
C) Augsburg.
D) Hamburg.
E) Nuremberg.
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A) "socialist realism" paintings.
B) atonal, experimental music.
C) revolutionary directions in theater.
D) post-modern architectural designs.
E) ideas of functionalism in architecture.
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A) securing many small donations from large German corporations.
B) making the Nazi program appeal to every segment of German society.
C) persuading the average German that their program was the only alternative to the inept Weimar regime.
D) forcing the poorer Germans to vote for Nazi candidates through intimidation.
E) unconstitutionally seizing power by force.
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B
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The growth of mass culture and mass leisure had a significant impact on European society in the 1920s and 1930s. This period saw the rise of new forms of entertainment, such as radio, cinema, and popular music, which became widely accessible to the general population. This led to a more homogenized and interconnected society, as people from different social and economic backgrounds were able to enjoy the same cultural experiences.
The spread of mass culture also had a democratizing effect, as it provided opportunities for people to engage in leisure activities and entertainment that were previously only available to the upper classes. This helped to break down traditional social barriers and create a more inclusive society.
At the same time, the growth of mass culture and leisure also raised concerns about the impact of consumerism and the loss of traditional values. Critics worried that the emphasis on entertainment and leisure was leading to a decline in moral standards and a loss of cultural identity.
Overall, the growth of mass culture and mass leisure in the 1920s and 1930s had a profound impact on European society, shaping the way people interacted with each other and influencing the cultural and social norms of the time.
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A) the failure of the United States to join.
B) U.S.determination to be less involved in European affairs.
C) U.S.determination to be more involved in European affairs.
D) economic sanctions as the League's sole weapon.
E) failure of the League to reprimand member states for acts of aggression.
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A) included the Nuremberg laws, which centered on the forced emigration of all Jews from Germany.
B) were emulated in France by the Popular Front.
C) did not exclude Jews from legal, medical, and teaching positions.
D) would remain minimal and unorganized until World War II.
E) reached their most violent phase during Kristallnacht, with attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues.
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A) a three-way alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Weimar Republic.
B) the addition of an armed international security force to the League of Nations.
C) an inherently weak system of alliances between France and the Little Entente.
D) increased intervention by the United States in European political affairs.
E) the belated United States decision to join the League of Nations.
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A) 80 percent of the workforce.
B) 65 percent of the workforce.
C) 45 percent of the workforce.
D) 25 percent of the workforce.
E) 20 percent of the workforce.
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A) the decline of industrialization in favor of the collectivization of agriculture.
B) real wages and social conditions for the industrial labor force improve dramatically.
C) millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent into force labor camps.
D) an abundance of permissive social legislation.
E) an activist foreign and military policy, bent upon immediately making Eastern Europe a satellite region to the Soviet Union.
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