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Exam 8: Cryptography

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Question 31

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Originally released as freeware, ____________________ is a hybrid cryptosystem that combines some of the best available cryptographic algorithms as an open-source de facto standard for encryption and authentication of e-mail and file storage.

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Pretty Goo...

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Question 32

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A message ____________________ is a fingerprint of the author's message that is compared with the recipient's locally calculated hash of the same message.

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Question 33

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A method of encryption that requires the same secret key to encipher and decipher the message is known as __________ encryption.

Diffie-Hellman key exchange uses asymmetric encryption to exchange session keys. _________________________

Encryption is the process of converting the ciphertext message back into plaintext so that it can be readily understood. _________________________

Usually, as the length of a cryptovariable increases, the number of random guesses that have to be made in order to break the code is reduced.

Digital signatures should be created using processes and products that are based on the __________.

In addition to being credited with inventing a substitution cipher, Julius Caesar was associated with an early version of the transposition cipher.

Netscape developed the ____________________ Layer protocol to use public-key encryption to secure a channel over the Internet, thus enabling secure communications.

The AES algorithm was the first public-key encryption algorithm to use a 256-bit key length.

Nonrepudiation means that customers or partners can be held accountable for transactions, such as online purchases, which they cannot later deny.

More advanced substitution ciphers use two or more alphabets, and are referred to as __________ substitutions.

S-HTTP is an extended version of Hypertext Transfer Protocol that provides for the encryption of protected e-mail transmitted via the Internet between a client and server. _________________________

A(n) ____________________ or cryptosystem is an encryption method or process encompassing the algorithm, key(s) or cryptovariable(s), and procedures used to perform encryption and decryption.

PKI systems are based on public-key cryptosystems and include digital certificates and certificate authorities.

The permutation cipher simply rearranges the values within a block to create the ciphertext.

The science of encryption is known as ____________________.

Using a database of precomputed hashes from sequentially calculated passwords called a(n) __________, an attacker can simply look up a hashed password and read out the text version.

Common implementations of a registration authority (RA) include functions to issue digital certificates to users and servers.

Hash algorithms are public functions that create a message digest by converting variable-length messages into a single fixed-length value. _________________________