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Exam 12: The Eukaryotes: Fungi, algae, protozoa, and Helminths

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Contrast the economic benefits and the harmful effects of fungi.

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Fungi can have both economic benefits and harmful effects. Economic benefits of fungi include their role in food production. Many fungi, such as yeast and molds, are used in the production of food and beverages such as bread, beer, and cheese. Additionally, some fungi are used in the production of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals. Fungi also play a crucial role in decomposition, breaking down organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem, which is essential for agriculture and soil fertility. On the other hand, fungi can also have harmful effects on the economy. Fungal diseases can devastate crops, leading to significant losses for farmers. For example, diseases such as wheat rust and potato blight can cause widespread crop failures, leading to food shortages and economic hardship. Fungi can also cause damage to infrastructure, such as buildings and wood products, through wood decay and rot. In terms of human health, some fungi can cause harmful effects. Certain species of fungi can produce toxins that contaminate food and cause illness when consumed. Fungal infections, such as athlete's foot and ringworm, can also cause discomfort and inconvenience. Overall, while fungi provide valuable economic benefits in food production and pharmaceuticals, they can also have harmful effects on agriculture, infrastructure, and human health. It is important to manage and mitigate the negative impacts of fungi while harnessing their economic potential.

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Most cases of hookworm infection are acquired by ingestion of adult forms in contaminated food or water.

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Plasmogamy,karyogamy,and meiosis are stages of the fungal sexual life cycle.

In the microscope,you observe multinucleated amoeboid cells with sporangia that form spores.This is a(n)

Table 12.1 $\begin{array} { l l } \text { 1-Arthroconidium } & \text { 5-Chlamydoconidium } \\\text { 2-Ascospore } & \text { 6-Conidiospore } \\\text { 3-Basidiospore } & \text { 7-Sporangiospore } \\\text { 4-Blastoconidium } & \text { 8-Zygospore }\end{array}$ -In Table 12.1,which is a thick-walled spore formed as a segment within a hypha?

You see acid-fast oocysts in a fecal sample from a patient who has diarrhea.What is the MOST likely cause?

Giardia and Trichomonas are unusual eukaryotes because they

A wolf kills a deer that is infected with ________ of Echinococcus granulosis in its liver and eats it.After consuming the deer,the wolf's intestine becomes filled with a number of ________ produced from scoleces.These eventually release eggs into the wolf's intestines,which are released in its feces.

The Platyhelminthes group includes roundworms,tapeworms,and flukes.

In mid-December,a woman with insulin-dependent diabetes who had been on prednisone fell and received an abrasion on the dorsal side of her right hand.She was placed on penicillin.By the end of January,the ulcer had not healed,and she was referred to a plastic surgeon.On January 30,a swab of the wound was cultured at 35°C on blood agar.On the same day,a smear was made for Gram staining.The Gram stain showed large (10 µm) cells.Brownish,waxy colonies grew on the blood agar.Slide cultures set up on February 1 and incubated at 25°C showed septate hyphae and single conidia.The most likely cause of the infection is a

Cercariae,metacercaria,and redia are all life cycle stages of trematodes.

Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE?

In helminth life cycles,the organism that harbors the adult sexually reproductive phase of the parasite is called the intermediate host.

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

When we say that a human is a dead end host for a parasite,we mean

A definitive host harbors which stage of a parasite?

Which of the following is the most effective control for malaria?

Table 12.1 $\begin{array} { l l } \text { 1-Arthroconidium } & \text { 5-Chlamydoconidium } \\\text { 2-Ascospore } & \text { 6-Conidiospore } \\\text { 3-Basidiospore } & \text { 7-Sporangiospore } \\\text { 4-Blastoconidium } & \text { 8-Zygospore }\end{array}$ -In Table 12.1,which of these spores are asexual spores?

Which of the following tends to be more complex in a parasitic helminth than in free-living helminths?

Which of the following statements regarding lichens is FALSE?