Question 1

Neutralization theory points out that:

Accepted Answer

A)  criminal behavior is learned in much the same way that conformity is learned.
B)  even the most committed criminals and delinquents are not involved in criminality all the time.
C)  criminality is a product of weak self-concept and poor self-esteem.
D)  law is differentially applied, benefiting those who hold economic and social power and penalizing the powerless.

Question 2

A major premise of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially constructed and applied, depending on the offenders.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

The public policy effects of social process theories have been felt mainly by young offenders who are viewed as being more savable than hardened criminals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by maintaining that the crime victim "had it coming." This is an example of which technique of neutralization?

Accepted Answer

A)  denial of injury
B)  denial of the victim
C)  appeal to higher loyalties
D)  denial of responsibility B

Question 5

Do criminals really neutralize? What does Topalli's research on street criminals indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Street criminals frequently respect and admire honest, law-abiding persons.
B)  Street criminals do not experience guilt that requires neutralization.
C)  Street criminals experience guilt and shame that require neutralization.
D)  Street criminals are often embarrassed about showing pride in their criminal accomplishments.

Question 6

Religion and belief impact criminal behavior. Even children in high crime areas are better able to resist drug use if they:

Accepted Answer

A)  attend self-esteem building programs.
B)  attend religious services.
C)  have religious beliefs.
D)  have parents with religious beliefs.

Question 7

One of the most prominent social learning theories is differential association theory. Discuss the major assumptions and principles of this theory.

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory, develop...

Question 8

Social process criminologists focus on socialization rather than the environment when explaining crime.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 9

Adolescents who do not receive affection from their parents during childhood are:

Accepted Answer

A)  more likely to be depressed and suicidal as they mature.
B)  more likely to use illicit drugs and be more aggressive as they mature.
C)  more likely to suffer mental impairment as they mature.
D)  more likely to engage in violent crime as they mature.

Question 10

Explain how one's socialization contributes to delinquent and criminal behaviors.

Accepted Answer

One's socialization can contribute to delinquent and criminal behaviors in several ways. Firstly, the family and peer groups play a significant role in shaping an individual's behavior. If a person is raised in a family or social group where criminal behavior is normalized or even encouraged, they are more likely to engage in delinquent activities themselves. Additionally, if a person's family or peer group has a history of criminal behavior, they may be more likely to view criminal activity as acceptable or even desirable.

Furthermore, socialization through media and popular culture can also contribute to delinquent behavior. If a person is exposed to media that glamorizes criminal activity or portrays it as a viable means of achieving success or power, they may be more likely to engage in criminal behavior themselves.

Additionally, socialization within certain communities or neighborhoods can also contribute to delinquent and criminal behavior. If a person grows up in an environment where criminal activity is prevalent and opportunities for legal employment or education are limited, they may be more likely to turn to criminal behavior as a means of survival or advancement.

Overall, one's socialization can have a significant impact on their likelihood of engaging in delinquent and criminal behaviors. It is important for individuals to be aware of the influences of their socialization and to seek out positive influences and role models in order to avoid engaging in criminal activity.

Question 11

When examining the relationship between delinquent peers and fear of punishment, ____ delinquent peers may outweigh the fear of punishment.

Accepted Answer

A)  loyalty to
B)  fear of
C)  hostility from
D)  skills learned from

Question 12

The family-crime relationship is significant across racial, ethnic, and gender lines.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

According to Lemert, __________ involves norm violations or crimes that have little influence on the actor and, therefore, can be quickly forgotten.

Accepted Answer

A)  primary deviance
B)  secondary deviance
C)  all criminal behavior
D)  a moral lapse

Question 14

__________ is a process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of the mainstream of society and offenders begin their escalating cycle of deviance.

Accepted Answer

A)  Reactive stigmata
B)  Differential morality
C)  Retrospective association
D)  Deviance amplification

Question 15

Sutherland's research on crime led him to dispute the notion that crime was a function of the inherent inadequacy of people in the lower classes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory states that

Accepted Answer

A)  criminal behavior is a product of impaired social bonds.
B)  criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior.
C)  criminal behavior is a function of educational inequality within the lower class.
D)  criminal behavior is a function of media exposure.

Question 17

Research affirms Hirschi's contention that delinquents are detached loners whose bonds to friends have been broken.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Describe the major premises of the three branches of social process theory - social learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction (labeling) theory.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory posits that indiv...

Question 19

Travis Hirschi links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society. Identify and discuss the elements of the social bond and how they impede crime.

Accepted Answer

Travis Hirschi's social bond theory sugg...

Question 20

The totality of research on the effect of dropping out of high school indicates one fact - high school dropouts face a significant chance of entering a criminal career.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 7: Social Process Theories

Neutralization theory points out that:

Correct Answer
verified

A major premise of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially constructed and applied, depending on the offenders.

Correct Answer
verified

The public policy effects of social process theories have been felt mainly by young offenders who are viewed as being more savable than hardened criminals.

Correct Answer
verified

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by maintaining that the crime victim "had it coming." This is an example of which technique of neutralization?

Correct Answer
verified
B

Do criminals really neutralize? What does Topalli's research on street criminals indicate?

Correct Answer
verified

Religion and belief impact criminal behavior. Even children in high crime areas are better able to resist drug use if they:

Correct Answer
verified

One of the most prominent social learning theories is differential association theory. Discuss the major assumptions and principles of this theory.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Differential association theory, develop...
View Answer

Social process criminologists focus on socialization rather than the environment when explaining crime.

Correct Answer
verified
True

Adolescents who do not receive affection from their parents during childhood are:

Correct Answer
verified

Explain how one's socialization contributes to delinquent and criminal behaviors.

When examining the relationship between delinquent peers and fear of punishment, ____ delinquent peers may outweigh the fear of punishment.

Correct Answer
verified

The family-crime relationship is significant across racial, ethnic, and gender lines.

Correct Answer
verified

According to Lemert, __________ involves norm violations or crimes that have little influence on the actor and, therefore, can be quickly forgotten.

Correct Answer
verified

__________ is a process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of the mainstream of society and offenders begin their escalating cycle of deviance.

Correct Answer
verified

Sutherland's research on crime led him to dispute the notion that crime was a function of the inherent inadequacy of people in the lower classes.

Correct Answer
verified

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory states that

Correct Answer
verified

Research affirms Hirschi's contention that delinquents are detached loners whose bonds to friends have been broken.

Correct Answer
verified

Describe the major premises of the three branches of social process theory - social learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction (labeling) theory.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Social learning theory posits that indiv...
View Answer

Travis Hirschi links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society. Identify and discuss the elements of the social bond and how they impede crime.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Travis Hirschi's social bond theory sugg...
View Answer

The totality of research on the effect of dropping out of high school indicates one fact - high school dropouts face a significant chance of entering a criminal career.

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 7: Social Process Theories

Neutralization theory points out that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A major premise of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially constructed and applied, depending on the offenders.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The public policy effects of social process theories have been felt mainly by young offenders who are viewed as being more savable than hardened criminals.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by maintaining that the crime victim "had it coming." This is an example of which technique of neutralization?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Do criminals really neutralize? What does Topalli's research on street criminals indicate?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Religion and belief impact criminal behavior. Even children in high crime areas are better able to resist drug use if they:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One of the most prominent social learning theories is differential association theory. Discuss the major assumptions and principles of this theory.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIDifferential association theory, develop...View AnswerShow Answer

Social process criminologists focus on socialization rather than the environment when explaining crime.

Correct AnswerverifiedTrue

Adolescents who do not receive affection from their parents during childhood are:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain how one's socialization contributes to delinquent and criminal behaviors.

When examining the relationship between delinquent peers and fear of punishment, ____ delinquent peers may outweigh the fear of punishment.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The family-crime relationship is significant across racial, ethnic, and gender lines.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Lemert, __________ involves norm violations or crimes that have little influence on the actor and, therefore, can be quickly forgotten.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

__________ is a process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of the mainstream of society and offenders begin their escalating cycle of deviance.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sutherland's research on crime led him to dispute the notion that crime was a function of the inherent inadequacy of people in the lower classes.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory states that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research affirms Hirschi's contention that delinquents are detached loners whose bonds to friends have been broken.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe the major premises of the three branches of social process theory - social learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction (labeling) theory.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AISocial learning theory posits that indiv...View AnswerShow Answer

Travis Hirschi links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society. Identify and discuss the elements of the social bond and how they impede crime.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AITravis Hirschi's social bond theory sugg...View AnswerShow Answer

The totality of research on the effect of dropping out of high school indicates one fact - high school dropouts face a significant chance of entering a criminal career.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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B

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Differential association theory, develop...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
True

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Social learning theory posits that indiv...
View Answer

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Travis Hirschi's social bond theory sugg...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified