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Exam 8: Bivariate Correlational Research

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Question 21

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Which of the following can you conclude by looking at the figure above?

A) The number of people who voted in 2016 is larger than the number of people who did not vote in 2016.
B) There is an association between voting behavior in 2016 and one's level of optimism.
C) Voting in 2016 caused increases in one's level of optimism.
D) Optimistic people will be more likely to vote in 2018.

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Question 22

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Draw a scatterplot for the following three associations: a. A curvilinear association b. A positive association with a large effect size c. A zero association

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Students should draw three scatterplots....

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Question 23

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Which of the following is true of moderators?

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of using prescription stimulants (e.g., Adderall) and frontal lobe activity. This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr) Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a(n) :

If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as .

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) In evaluating Dr. Guidry's study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking?

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr) Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Guidry's study to consider?

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings. •A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig. •B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05) •C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). Imagine that Dr. Moynihan finds two outliers. These two people report a very high number of nightmares in the past month and have very high scores on neuroticism. Why should Dr. Moynihan be worried about the presence of these two outliers?

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. This number gives you information about which of the following?

Statistical significance depends on which of the following?

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings. •A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig. •B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05) •C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). Of the three findings in Dr. Moynihan's study, which associations are statistically significant? What does it mean that an association is statistically significant?

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr) Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. Why might Dr. Guidry have looked for this difference?

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Guidry will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because the relationship:

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital) , located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) In determining whether the relationship between two of Dr. Guidry's variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered?

Name two ways in which the analysis of an association between two quantitative variables differs from the analysis of an association between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable.

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true?

The figure above is an example of ……………..

Which of the following is NOT true of finding a stronger effect size in an association claim?