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Exam 49: The Immune System in Animals

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Question 1

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You are playing a new video game that is based on the human immune system.The player is inside a human,and you must successfully fend off invading pathogens in a quest to find the "Golden Antibody." At level 1,your arsenal for fighting off pathogens consists only of the innate immunity leukocytes and their various secretions.If the enemy has killed off most of your neutrophils and macrophages,which of the following should you utilize to recruit more of these leukocytes to the battle?

A) histamine
B) platelets
C) reactive oxygen species
D) cytokines
E) bone marrow

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Question 2

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Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s) . Oysters live attached to substrate in estuaries and can experience low oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide conditions,especially in midsummer.Oysters also suffer high mortality in the summer.Researchers wanted to find out if the low-oxygen or elevated carbon dioxide conditions compromised the immune system of oysters.The immune system of oysters includes cells called hemocytes that phagocytose foreign particles and remove them from tissues.These phagocytic hemocytes also initiate the production and release of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) ,including HOCl,O₂⁻,and H₂O₂.ROIs attack and kill invading cells.The researchers maintained oysters at normal oxygen conditions and low-oxygen conditions at a level commonly found in estuaries in the summer.While varying oxygen levels,they kept carbon dioxide concentrations constant.They also examined the effect of different carbon dioxide concentrations when oxygen levels were kept constant.They found that production of ROIs under low-oxygen conditions was only 33% of ROI production in normal oxygen conditions.There was no detectable effect of carbon dioxide levels on ROI production.Other researchers have found that the amount of phagocytosis is not affected by oxygen conditions.(J.N.Boyd and L.E.Burnett.1999.Reactive oxygen intermediate production by oyster hemocytes exposed to hypoxia.Journal of Experimental Biology 202:3135-43. ) -Based on the information on the effects of low oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide on oysters,which of the following is the most likely explanation for the effect of oxygen levels on production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) ?

A) Carbon dioxide buildup prevents formation of ROIs under low-oxygen conditions.
B) Under low-oxygen conditions,there is not enough oxygen to produce as many ROIs.
C) Phagocytic hemocytes are not as active when oxygen levels are low,so they cannot produce as many ROIs.
D) ROIs are less effective at killing cells under low-oxygen conditions,so phagocytic hemocytes do not produce as many.

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Question 3

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Which of the following statements is not fundamental to the clonal-selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?

Which of the following is an antigen?

Which of the following statements is not true of epitopes?

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts.What is its main immunological function?

If you were developing artificial B-cell receptors (BCRs) based on the natural version and wanted to change the BCRs' ability to bind certain antigens,which region of the natural receptor would you alter?

Which of the following is true of the humoral immune response and not true of the cell-mediated immune response?

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response?

You cut your finger,and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes,you notice that it is still bleeding profusely.What may be the problem?

Which of the following would put you at increased risk of pathogens entering your body?

Lymphocytes are formed in what organ(s) ?

Which of the following are effective treatments for some allergic reactions?

Which lymphocytes act indirectly to produce antibodies?

Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells?

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s) . Oysters live attached to substrate in estuaries and can experience low oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide conditions,especially in midsummer.Oysters also suffer high mortality in the summer.Researchers wanted to find out if the low-oxygen or elevated carbon dioxide conditions compromised the immune system of oysters.The immune system of oysters includes cells called hemocytes that phagocytose foreign particles and remove them from tissues.These phagocytic hemocytes also initiate the production and release of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) ,including HOCl,O₂⁻,and H₂O₂.ROIs attack and kill invading cells.The researchers maintained oysters at normal oxygen conditions and low-oxygen conditions at a level commonly found in estuaries in the summer.While varying oxygen levels,they kept carbon dioxide concentrations constant.They also examined the effect of different carbon dioxide concentrations when oxygen levels were kept constant.They found that production of ROIs under low-oxygen conditions was only 33% of ROI production in normal oxygen conditions.There was no detectable effect of carbon dioxide levels on ROI production.Other researchers have found that the amount of phagocytosis is not affected by oxygen conditions.(J.N.Boyd and L.E.Burnett.1999.Reactive oxygen intermediate production by oyster hemocytes exposed to hypoxia.Journal of Experimental Biology 202:3135-43. ) -Refer to the paragraph on the effects of low oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide on oysters.Why did the researchers keep carbon dioxide levels constant while they varied oxygen levels and then keep oxygen levels constant while they varied carbon dioxide levels?

If a patient only has neutrophils and macrophages,what would be absent from the immune response?

Mast cells can both constrict and dilate blood vessels after injury.Which of the following best explains why both of these events occur shortly after tissue is injured?

Which of the following pairs of proteins shares the most overall similarity in structure?

Which of the following is true of the allergic response?