A) environmental regulations have been considered barriers to free trade.
B) developing countries have fewer environmental regulations.
C) economic competition between countries will lead to fewer and weaker environmental regulations.
D) environmental groups oppose development in poor countries.
E) rapid growth in developing countries will worsen environmental degradation.
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A) Most countries cannot afford to purchase nuclear weapons.
B) The technology for making nuclear weapons is too difficult for most countries to obtain.
C) The materials for making nuclear weapons are too difficult for most countries to obtain.
D) Countries use alternative methods to ensure their security rather than obtain nuclear weapons.
E) Countries have moral objections to possessing nuclear weapons.
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A) Violators do not care about the opinions of the international community.
B) Violators are not concerned about possible economic sanctions.
C) Violators lack strong allies who will protect them with their own nuclear deterrents.
D) Violators think nuclear weapons will give them more regional influence.
E) Violators expect to extort foreign aid as an inducement to end their nuclear programs.
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A) When its neighbor tests a nuclear weapon.
B) When the major countries all have nuclear weapons.
C) When its neighbor increases the size of its military forces.
D) When it wants to promote faster economic development with spin-off technology.
E) When it wants to have more influence in international negotiations.
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A) There is a strong norm against starting a nuclear war.
B) Large-scale nuclear proliferation will cause countries to create a new international organization that will regulate nuclear weapons.
C) Countries with nuclear weapons will have no reason to go to war with other countries.
D) Nuclear powers such as the United States can threaten to punish states that start wars.
E) Possessing nuclear weapons increases the costs of war.
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A) Economic sanctions take a long time before they are effective.
B) It is easy to smuggle nuclear components into a country.
C) Information about nuclear technology is easy to obtain.
D) States only respond to threats from stronger forces.
E) States hide and shield their nuclear facilities from attack.
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A) The United States has created an East Asian version of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
B) The United States has maintained bases in East Asia.
C) The United States has pursued closer relations with India.
D) The United States has supported China's membership in the World Trade Organization.
E) The United States has pursued closer relations with Vietnam.
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A) Many people thought the WTO would make China obey international trade rules because of the WTO's strong enforcement mechanisms.
B) Supporters of China's membership in the WTO had received bribes to make it worth their while.
C) China had packed the WTO with its supporters.
D) Many people thought that membership in the WTO would decrease the costs of war.
E) Many people thought that joining the WTO would increase China's costs for challenging the status quo.
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A) The countries should be more capable of resolving their differences since they will now have the interests of nuclear powers,distinct from those countries that rely on conventional weapons.
B) The states are more likely to be bitter rivals,since multiple states that have nuclear weapons are typically not stable.
C) The lack of second-strike capability makes first strikes more rewarding and may make nuclear war more likely.
D) Mutually assured destruction only works when countries lack second-strike capability;the presence of second-strike forces means destruction was not assured.
E) It will likely not have an effect,as conventional forces can readily serve as second-strike forces to any nuclear attack.
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A) The Soviet Union.
B) The United States.
C) The People's Republic of China.
D) India.
E) Pakistan.
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A) Communication and transportation are too quick for any organization to keep track of.
B) The interests of the developed and less developed are systematically opposed to each other.
C) Economic globalization does not really need an international organization to control it.
D) Developed countries do not have an interest in overcoming their collective action problems.
E) The United Nations Security Council already fulfills this role.
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A) Chemical weapons.
B) Biological weapons.
C) Nuclear weapons.
D) Infotech weapons.
E) Nanotech weapons.
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A) Technology and the number of states in the system.
B) Technology and economic growth.
C) Communication and military power.
D) Economic growth and international organizations.
E) Sovereignty and military power.
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A) All of the member countries in the EU have adopted the euro as their currency.
B) EU laws supersede laws that are made by the member states' national governments.
C) The creation of the EU instigated the economic integration of its member countries.
D) The members of the EU have approved a constitution.
E) The EU is the second-most economically integrated region in the world.
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A) Draft a large number of soldiers into the army.
B) Devote a large portion of its budget to training soldiers.
C) Put weapons on submarines.
D) Create fallout shelters in major cities.
E) Build strong defenses on its borders.
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A) The norm against acquiring WMD has become less accepted.
B) The knowledge of how to make the weapons has become easier to obtain.
C) Countries with WMD have become more likely to sell the weapons to other countries.
D) Countries have become less concerned about the proliferation of WMD.
E) Countries have stopped funding the International Atomic Energy Agency.
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A) Agricultural workers.
B) Bankers.
C) Investors.
D) The automobile industry.
E) Internet companies.
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