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Helms (1995) describes interactions in which the parties share similar racial attitudes and assumptions as


A) parallel.
B) appropriate.
C) progressive.
D) simultaneous.

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Identify the ego statuses of Helms' people of color identity model, and briefly describe the characteristics of each status.

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The statement, "I love that my child's school is diverse. It is wonderful that all children can take advantage of the excellent educational standards and resources like those in our community" is indicative of the __________ status of Helms' White Racial Identity Development Model.


A) Contact
B) Disintegration
C) Reintegration
D) Pseudoindependence

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Providing a client with reading material on racism in the workplace may be most appropriate and helpful for a client identified as the __________ type of the key model.


A) Claustrophobic
B) Empirical
C) Optimal
D) Noncontact

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According to Helms' racial interaction theory, harmony is obtainable in parallel interactions because


A) the counselor and client share similar ego statuses that ascribe to similar racial attitudes and assumptions.
B) the counselor and client are of the same race and/or ethnicity.
C) the counselor and client have both reached the most advanced racial identity status.
D) All of the above.

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Movement through cultural identity development statuses is best described as


A) cyclical.
B) linear.
C) predictable.
D) chronological.

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Which of the following may be appropriate ways for a counselor to address a client's spiritual identity in counseling?


A) Helping clients identify and talk about personal spiritual experiences.
B) Incorporating spirituality and the reliance on God in work toward counseling goals.
C) Referring clients for further spiritual guidance and direction.
D) All of the above.

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Helms' People of Color Identity Model includes all of the following statues except


A) integrative awareness.
B) conformity.
C) encounter.
D) dissonance.

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McCarn and Fassinger's (1996) model of sexual minority identity formation


A) accounts for environmental contexts.
B) does not account for environmental contexts.
C) includes an identity confusion stage.
D) does not begin with awareness.

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Rules for social living are often defined within an individual's


A) culture.
B) race.
C) level of acculturation.
D) racial identity development status.

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Culture identity involves


A) identification with group classifications including those of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and religious affiliation.
B) a unidimensional construct of growth and development.
C) understanding one's use of communication patterns in formal and informal contexts.
D) knowledge and acceptance of rules for living.

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Research suggests that individuals' cultural identities take shape during _____ and are necessary for the development of a healthy self-concept and cultural socialization.


A) early childhood
B) mid-adulthood
C) adolescence
D) middle childhood

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According to Ponterotto's (1988) model, a White counselor trainee who feels strong allegiance to minority clients while also feeling negatively toward clients of her own race is likely to be in the __________ stage of development.


A) Zealot-Defensive
B) Enmeshment
C) Integration
D) Preexposure

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The statement, "I don't tell racist jokes, but I admit I sometimes laugh. I don't like that I do that" is indicative of the __________ status of Helms' White Racial Identity Development Model.


A) Contact
B) Disintegration
C) Reintegration
D) Pseudoindependence

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Culture is best defined as


A) group classifications including race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and spirituality.
B) values, beliefs, expectations, worldviews and behaviors that provide norms and rules for social living.
C) knowledge of values, beliefs, worldviews and behaviors of a group.
D) informal and formal rules for social living.

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A counselor working in a college counseling center may be most likely to encounter client's negotiating the __________ stage of Fowler's (1981) model of faith development.


A) individuative-reflective faith
B) conjunctive faith
C) intuitive-projective faith
D) mythic-literal faith

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Describe the McCarn and Fassinger (1996) model of sexual minority identity formation. What is the primary difference between this model and the other previous models of sexual minority identity development?

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The statement "When I started this relationship I was clear about what I would and would not do. Now I am confused. I am acting so unlike myself that I do not even know who I am anymore. Who I am in my relationship is not who I am supposed to be!" is indicative of the __________ stage of the Poll and Smith (2003) model of spiritual identity development.


A) Pre-awareness
B) Awakening
C) Recognition
D) Integration

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The statement, "If people would just get over race and stop using it as an excuse, the world would be a better place" is indicative of the __________ status of the People of Color Racial Identity Development Model.


A) Conformity/Pre-Encounter
B) Dissonance
C) Immersion/Emersion
D) Internalization

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_______ can be conceptualized as a complex process of moving from a state of racial unawareness and non-identification to one of awareness and self-identification.


A) Ethnic identity development
B) Racial identity development
C) Culture identity development
D) All of the above

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