Exam 20: Immanuel Kant: Rehabilitating Reason Within Strict Limits

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Hegel's view concerning the state is con...

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There is no object without a subject. The subject to which reality corresponds is not the individual, of course, nor a culture at a given time, but the World Spirit, which is developing according to necessary dialectical patterns. At each stage, reality is partly rational, but never completely or concretely rational. Still the rational is the real and whatever is real is at least implicitly and potentially rational. The rationality implicit in any stage of development will become explicit in the goal toward which history is moving: The absolute knowledge of the World Spirit, where explicit reason will govern all things.

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A) objectifies itself in the world of nature.
B) understands itself as just one object in the natural world along with others.
C) moves from Stoic to skeptical to Christian consciousness.
D) develops toward a rational society.

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A) the Absolute Spirit is an idealistic dreamer of dreams that could never be realized.
B) whatever is real has its reality only in relation to the Absolute.
C) without ideals, we are absolutely lost.
D) reality is constituted in the consciousness of each absolutely unique individual.

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Hegel and Hume have different perspectiv...

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A) a method of getting beyond mere phenomena to absolute reality.
B) a way of validating the phenomena experienced by the arbitrary individual.
C) a technique for observing consciousness as it develops.
D) irrelevant to reality, but significantly relevant to phenomena.

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A) owls can see better at night than in the daytime.
B) Hegel believes in the old Greek gods.
C) philosophers are the only ones wise enough to give instruction as to what the world ought to be.
D) the world can be understood only retrospectively.

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A) individuals join together in a "contract" to create the state.
B) individuals are related to the state as the liver is to the body it serves.
C) because individual human beings are metaphysically prior to any community, the state is only a fiction.
D) history is tending toward a state that will be a "slaughter bench."

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A) is the genuine expression of one essential stage in the development of consciousness.
B) expresses an unhappy consciousness about which the best that can be done is to accept it.
C) is the culmination of the history of the Spirit.
D) is the stage toward which Absolute Spirit is tending.

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Desire, the first stage of self-consciousness, is the clear recognition of something as other than I, together with the project of bringing this other back within the sphere of my control. When the other is another self-consciousness, what I want is for the other to recognize me as a self-conscious being; but I also want to control that recognition. The other naturally resists that control, but has a parallel desire with respect to myself. Hence, conflict.