Question 1

Paracrine feedback from the ________ in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   sympathetic neurons, epinephrine
B)   granular cells, renin
C)   liver, angiotensinogen
D)   macula densa, renin

Question 2

ACE converts

Accepted Answer

A)   renin to angiotensinogen.
B)   angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
C)   angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
D)   angiotensin II to aldosterone.
E)   renin to aldosterone.

Question 3

Symptoms of low plasma pH may include

Accepted Answer

A)   CNS depression only.
B)   confusion and disorientation only.
C)   numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches only.
D)   CNS depression and confusion and disorientation.
E)   CNS depression; confusion and disorientation; and numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches.

Question 4

Why is sodium actively reabsorbed in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

A)   to decrease osmolarity inside the nephron
B)   to make urine less concentrated
C)   to increase passive reabsorption of water
D)   to decrease blood pressure

Question 5

The hormone vasopressin

Accepted Answer

A)   is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity.
B)   stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions.
C)   stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
D)   stimulates the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine.
E)   All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder

Accepted Answer

A)   can be returned to the circulation directly.
B)   can be returned to the circulation after moving back into the kidneys.
C)   will still be expelled from the body in the urine.

Question 7

Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the

Accepted Answer

A)   sweat glands.
B)   kidneys.
C)   liver.
D)   digestive system.
E)   spleen.

Question 8

Stimuli for the activation of the RAS pathway include

Accepted Answer

A)   low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron only.
B)   a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule only.
C)   high blood pressure in the renal artery only.
D)   low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule.
E)   low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron, a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule, and high blood pressure in the renal artery.

Question 9

What are oropharynx receptors, which hormone do they suppress, and how is it known that they exist? If a person stranded on a desert island drank seawater to try to quench his thirst, how would this affect the oropharynx receptors?

Accepted Answer

Oropharynx receptors inhibit the sense o...

Question 10

"Water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink" is a phrase from the Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.This poem describes an ocean ship unable to sail to land and running out of its supply of fresh water; sailors have long known that drinking seawater cannot prevent death from dehydration.What would result if the sailors attempted to alleviate their dehydration by drinking seawater? Justify your answer by describing kidney physiology.Why wouldn't reflexes, in response to dehydration, fully compensate? What does this illustrate about the force allowing kidneys to retain water under more normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

The osmolarity of seawater is higher tha...

Question 11

Cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of

Accepted Answer

A)   volume of extracellular fluid.
B)   blood pressure.
C)   osmolarity of extracellular fluid.
D)   permeability of cell membranes.
E)   resting membrane potential.

Question 12

How do kidneys alter urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys alter urine concentrat...

Question 13

What are the two mechanisms of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

Accepted Answer

1.convert HCO₃⁻ into carbon di...

Question 14

The RAS pathway begins with secretion of

Accepted Answer

A)   angiotensin converting enzyme.
B)   renin.
C)   angiotensinogen.
D)   aldosterone.
E)   vasopressin.

Question 15

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by enzymes primarily located in the

Accepted Answer

A)   kidneys.
B)   liver.
C)   heart.
D)   lungs.
E)   blood vessels.

Question 16

When the pH rises above 7.42, a state of ________ exists.

Accepted Answer

A)   acidosis
B)   alkalosis
C)   equilibrium
D)   homeostasis

Question 17

The primary osmoreceptors are located in the

Accepted Answer

A)   pons.
B)   kidney.
C)   stomach.
D)   hypothalamus.
E)   medulla.

Question 18

Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity.How do they maintain normal cell volume?

Accepted Answer

A)   They synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity.
B)   They synthesize water molecules through increased metabolism to offset volume loss.
C)   They maintain a water-impermeable membrane.
D)   They add or remove aquaporins as needed.

Question 19

Normal removal of excess water in urine is known as

Accepted Answer

A)   diuresis.
B)   diuretics.
C)   osmotic diuresis.
D)   filtration.

Question 20

Diagram the reactions and interactions of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).Which condition is the primary stimulus for its activation?

Accepted Answer

Figure 20.10 diagrams these in...

Exam 20: Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

What are oropharynx receptors, which hormone do they suppress, and how is it known that they exist? If a person stranded on a desert island drank seawater to try to quench his thirst, how would this affect the oropharynx receptors?

Correct Answer
verified
Oropharynx receptors inhibit the sense o...
View Answer

Diagram the reactions and interactions of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).Which condition is the primary stimulus for its activation?

Correct Answer
verified
Figure 20.10 diagrams these in...
View Answer

Cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of

Correct Answer
verified

Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the

Correct Answer
verified

The primary osmoreceptors are located in the

Correct Answer
verified

Normal removal of excess water in urine is known as

Correct Answer
verified

The RAS pathway begins with secretion of

Correct Answer
verified

Stimuli for the activation of the RAS pathway include

Correct Answer
verified

The hormone vasopressin

Correct Answer
verified

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by enzymes primarily located in the

Correct Answer
verified

Paracrine feedback from the in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of .

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
The osmolarity of seawater is higher tha...
View Answer

Symptoms of low plasma pH may include

Correct Answer
verified

What are the two mechanisms of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

Correct Answer
verified
1.convert HCO₃⁻ into carbon di...
View Answer

ACE converts

Correct Answer
verified

When the pH rises above 7.42, a state of ________ exists.

Correct Answer
verified

Why is sodium actively reabsorbed in the nephron?

Correct Answer
verified

How do kidneys alter urine concentration?

Correct Answer
verified
Kidneys alter urine concentrat...
View Answer

When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder

Correct Answer
verified

Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity.How do they maintain normal cell volume?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 20: Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

What are oropharynx receptors, which hormone do they suppress, and how is it known that they exist? If a person stranded on a desert island drank seawater to try to quench his thirst, how would this affect the oropharynx receptors?

Correct AnswerverifiedOropharynx receptors inhibit the sense o...View AnswerShow Answer

Diagram the reactions and interactions of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).Which condition is the primary stimulus for its activation?

Correct AnswerverifiedFigure 20.10 diagrams these in...View AnswerShow Answer

Cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The primary osmoreceptors are located in the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Normal removal of excess water in urine is known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The RAS pathway begins with secretion of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Stimuli for the activation of the RAS pathway include

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The hormone vasopressin

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by enzymes primarily located in the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Paracrine feedback from the ________ in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedThe osmolarity of seawater is higher tha...View AnswerShow Answer

Symptoms of low plasma pH may include

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What are the two mechanisms of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

Correct Answerverified1.convert HCO₃⁻ into carbon di...View AnswerShow Answer

ACE converts

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When the pH rises above 7.42, a state of ________ exists.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is sodium actively reabsorbed in the nephron?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How do kidneys alter urine concentration?

Correct AnswerverifiedKidneys alter urine concentrat...View AnswerShow Answer

When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity.How do they maintain normal cell volume?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified
Oropharynx receptors inhibit the sense o...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
Figure 20.10 diagrams these in...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Paracrine feedback from the in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of .

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
The osmolarity of seawater is higher tha...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
1.convert HCO₃⁻ into carbon di...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Kidneys alter urine concentrat...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified