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Sunk costs are those that


A) change with the size of the program.
B) occur as the program continues.
C) have already been expended.
D) can be recovered if the program is cancelled.

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An evaluator doing a cost-benefit study may ignore certain benefits when


A) it has been shown that costs exceed benefits.
B) some of the costs have been ignored as well.
C) one is not interested in seeking to publish an article reporting the findings.
D) it has been shown that some benefits exceed program costs.

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University faculty members often dispute the need to cover indirect costs for their research activities. They sometimes comment to the effect that "The buildings are here already, my lab will be heated because the classrooms will be heated anyway; therefore, indirect costs of my research is just a way of raising money." Marshall the reasons why indirect costs must be considered in assessing the costs of research.

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There are several important reasons why ...

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An advantage that accountants have over program evaluators is that


A) their crucial unit of analysis, a dollar, is widely disputed.
B) their crucial unit of analysis, a dollar, is widely accepted.
C) accountants are better educated.
D) business activity contains fewer ethical conflicts than human service work.

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Some critics of cost-benefit analyses point to the monetary value set on saving a human life, say, $8 million dollars, and ask: "Does that mean that if I pay $8 million dollars to someone (or to his heirs), I can kill them?" What misunderstanding of cost-benefit analyses does this comment reflect?

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The comment reflects a misunderstanding ...

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Cost-effectiveness analyses are performed when one


A) can express the outcome in dollars.
B) cannot express outcomes in dollars, but can measure the outcomes of alternative programs that are designed to affect the same outcomes.
C) quasi-experimental designs are not possible.
D) cannot find parallel outcomes from two or more programs.

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Since most human service programs are expected to yield benefits in the years after the program participants leave the program,


A) cost-benefit studies are conceptually impossible.
B) costs cannot be related to effectiveness.
C) the values of future benefits need to be estimated.
D) sunk costs take on considerable importance.

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In judging the usefulness of a cost-benefit evaluation, one must be wary of


A) values assumed in the choice of outcome variables.
B) the validity of the evaluations from which program benefits have been estimated.
C) the assumptions used in assigning dollar values to the outcomes.
D) all of the above

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