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Most studies based on archival data do not require approval of the Institutional Review Board.

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Janet is deeply interested in examining the phenomenon of self-imposed social isolation (i.e., hikikomori) . She wants to investigate the possible causes for this phenomenon. After doing a brief literature search, she finds several case studies on individuals with hikikomori and numerous media articles reporting on these case studies. Which of the following is the best step for Janet to obtain a list of potential triggers of the behavior?


A) Read the media articles, since the journalists have already summarized and evaluated the case studies.
B) Contact a researcher who had conducted one of the case studies and interview the researcher about the subject.
C) Read all the case studies and identify common factors that the case subjects shared.
D) Read only the case studies that were reported on by the media, since these case studies must have been most impactful.

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What are the advantages of conducting a meta-analysis on existing research, as compared to designing and conducting an empirical study?

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You do not need to collect data to condu...

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If only a single study has been done on your topic of interest, it is too early for a meta-analysis.

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Case study data allow researchers to use complex statistical techniques.

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Piaget's theory of cognitive development was partly based on the _________________ Observation of his infant son.


A) experimental
B) naturalistic
C) concealed
D) cross-sequential

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In a study by Rosengren, Schein, and Gutiérrez (2010) , scale errors committed by children between the ages of 18 and 29 months were recorded while they were at play in a laboratory preschool. The researchers placed miniature replica toys in the preschool classroom during specific time periods to increase the likelihood of observing scale errors. This study is an example of a:


A) naturalistic observational design.
B) case study design.
C) structured observational design.
D) single-subject experimental design.

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In observational studies, researchers often use concealment to deal with the problem of reactivity. What is necessary on the researcher's part in order for concealment to be properly executed?


A) Deception
B) Double blind design
C) Manipulation checks
D) Control group manipulation

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Only structured observational methods can lead to any useful theory in psychology, because naturalistic observation is not systematic.

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A drawback of archival research is that the data available might not directly answer your research questions.

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Effect size can only be measured when you have more than one study.

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Which of the following options is the best description of concealment?


A) It involves hiding the presence of the observer and any recording equipment to prevent individuals from changing their natural behavior.
B) It involves hiding the presence of recording equipment but not the presence of a human observer to prevent individuals changing their natural behavior.
C) It involves hiding the purpose of the study from individuals who are being observed to prevent them from changing their natural behavior.
D) It involves hiding the researcher's records of observed behavior from individuals who are being observed to prevent them from changing their natural behavior.

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Archival research often provides researchers with __________________________ than conducting a single study.


A) a larger sample size
B) reduced statistical power
C) greater control over the questions asked
D) more ethical challenges

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Which of the following is an advantage that observational methods have over tightly controlled experimental procedures?


A) There is greater construct validity in both naturalistic and structured observational methods than in tightly controlled experimental procedures.
B) Observational methods have minimal ethical concerns as compared to tightly controlled experimental methods.
C) There is greater generalizability in both naturalistic and structured observational methods than in tightly controlled experimental procedures.
D) Observational methods are vulnerable to participant reactivity, which is not the case in tightly controlled experimental methods.

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Briefly explain what is meant by archival research. Describe two advantages and a disadvantage of archival research.

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Archival research refers to studies of d...

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Observational methods are research methods that do not have rules or structure.

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Meta-analysis allows researchers to better evaluate the existence or strength of a psychological phenomenon as compared to a single study.

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Describe the process of meta-analysis. What is a potential challenge to the validity of meta-analysis, and what steps can be taken in response?

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Researchers first need to devise a metho...

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Recorded video data of an observational study does not offer the advantage of:


A) more accurate coding.
B) greater reliability in coding.
C) less variability in coding.
D) fewer problems of participant reactivity.

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The textbook discussed several examples of case studies. In what way was the study of H.M. most different from other case studies such as the one about Nadia?


A) H.M. was an adult, whereas Nadia was a child, and therefore the study of H.M. came with fewer ethical concerns.
B) H.M. could not consolidate new memories, and therefore might not have been vulnerable to feeling bored and fatigued from repeated sessions with an experimenter or researcher.
C) H.M. had a rare tumor, which made the findings non-generalizable to non-clinical populations.
D) The data obtained from H.M. were mostly through naturalistic observations, whereas the data generated from studying Nadia were mostly through a microgenetic approach.

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