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After observing an increase in behavior following the contingent presentation of tokens, the most scientifically-sound procedure for determining the effectiveness of tokens as reinforcers is?


A) removal of tokens from the environment
B) noncontingent presentation of the tokens
C) nondirective psychotherapy

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What happened when Helen's psychotic talk got bootleg reinforcement, after a few weeks of the extinction procedure?


A) Her psychotic talk increased.
B) Her psychotic talk was unaffected, because her normal talk had been intermittently reinforced.

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Fill in the Blank -Pairing procedure āˆ™\bullet The pairing of a ________________________ stimulus with āˆ™\bullet a reinforcer or punisher.

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The pairing of a neutral stimulus with a...

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Match the following definitions with the terms below. -Conditioned punisher


A) This procedure converts a neutral stimulus into a conditioned reinforcer or a conditioned punisher.
B) A stimulus that is a punisher because it has been paired with another punisher.
C) A system of generalized conditioned reinforcers in which the organism that receives those generalized reinforcers can save them and exchange them for a variety of backup reinforcers later.
D) Elements of a stimulus have their value or function only when they are combined; otherwise, the individual elements may be neutral.
E) Withholding a reinforcer increases relevant learning and performance.
F) The pairing of a neutral stimulus with a reinforcer or punisher.
G) A stimulus that is a reinforcer, though not as a result of pairing with another reinforcer.
H) A stimulus that is a punisher, though not as a result of pairing with another punisher.
I) A conditioned reinforcer that is a reinforcer because it has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers.

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Token


A) conditioned, built in reinforcer
B) unconditioned reinforcer
C) generalized conditioned reinforcer
D) no correct answer in this list

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To determine the importance of the contingency, it is better to use noncontingent reinforcers, rather than simply to stop giving the reinforcers (extinction).

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Psychotic residents of a psychiatric institution received conditioned generalized reinforcers for behaving in ways that helped the group. They could later exchange these reinforcers for backup reinforcers. (Ayllon, & Azrin, 1965) This is an example of:


A) conditioned, built-in reinforcer
B) unconditioned reinforcer
C) token economy
D) nondirective psychotherapy
E) no correct answer in this list

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Fill in the Blank -Conditioned reinforcer (or secondary reinforcer) ā— A stimulus that is a __________________ ā— because it has been paired with _______________ ___________________

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A conditioned reinforcer (or s...

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Fill in the Blank -Generalized conditioned reinforcer (generalized secondary reinforcer) ā— A conditioned reinforcer that is a reinforcer ā— because it has been paired with a ______________ of other reinforcers.

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A generalized conditioned rein...

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