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How would you go about determining whether a trait was controlled by a single gene or by polygenes? Would pedigree analysis be of use in answering this question?

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To determine whether a trait is controll...

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How have twins been useful in studies of multifactorial traits?

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Twins have been incredibly useful in stu...

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Phrenology and craniometry are no longer considered valid methods of studying intelligence.

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A diet rich in ___ has been shown to reduce the incidence of spina bifida.


A) vitamin C
B) niacin
C) folate
D) vitamin D
E) vitamin E

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Sickle cell disease exhibits a variety of symptoms and is more severe under stressful situations. Sickle cell disease is an example of a _____ genetic disorder.


A) discontinuous
B) continuous
C) polygenic
D) multifactorial
E) phenotypic

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D

Using a large poster board, construct a Punnet Square involving three genes for skin color. One of the parents is completely dominant for all three genes and the other parent is completely recessive for all three genes. Then construct a graph of the number of offspring (y-axis) versus phenotype (skin color from lightest to darkest on the x-axis).

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To construct a Punnet Square for three g...

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The heritability of a trait can be defined as


A) the sum of all phenotypic variation in the population
B) the average amount of genetic variation in each individual
C) the proportion of variability in a population that is caused by genetic variance
D) the absolute measurement of genotypic variation in a population
E) the proportion of variability caused by the environment

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C

The role of nutrition in the improvement of spina bifida is an example of a _____ effect.


A) cumulative
B) polygenic
C) epigenetic
D) penetrative
E) phenotypic

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Discuss the factors responsible for regression to the mean.

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Regression to the mean is a statistical phenomenon where extreme values in a dataset tend to move closer to the average over time. There are several factors that contribute to regression to the mean: 1. Random variation: In any set of measurements, there will be some degree of random variation. Extreme values are often the result of this random variation, and over time, subsequent measurements are likely to be closer to the average. 2. Measurement error: When measurements are taken, there is always some degree of error involved. Extreme values may be the result of measurement error, and subsequent measurements are likely to be closer to the true average. 3. Sample size: Small sample sizes can lead to extreme values that are not representative of the true average. As the sample size increases, extreme values are more likely to regress to the mean. 4. Natural fluctuations: Many phenomena in the natural world exhibit natural fluctuations over time. Extreme values are often the result of these fluctuations, and subsequent measurements are likely to be closer to the average. 5. Reversion to the mean: In some cases, extreme values are the result of temporary or unusual circumstances. Over time, these circumstances are likely to change, leading to a reversion to the mean. Overall, regression to the mean is a common statistical phenomenon that can be attributed to a combination of random variation, measurement error, sample size, natural fluctuations, and reversion to the mean. Understanding these factors is important for interpreting data and making accurate predictions.

Give two different genotypes for individuals with intermediate skin color and show the different types of gametes that they could produce.

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Two different genotypes for individuals ...

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DZ twins are no more or less genetically similar to each other than ____________________ are.

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A heritability value of 0.6 for IQ indicates that 60 percent of a person's IQ results from genetic influence.

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If a trait has a heritability of 0.5, this means that


A) all variation in the population is caused by genotypic differences.
B) all variation in the population is caused by environmental differences.
C) the variation in the population is the result of epigenetic effects.
D) the genotype and environment contribute equally to the variation seen in the population.
E) None of these is true.

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Clubfoot and cleft palate are traits


A) that are congenital birth defects.
B) that have discontinuous distribution.
C) that are multifactorial.
D) whose distribution can best be explained by the threshold model.
E) that have all of these characteristics.

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The additive model for polygenic inheritance proposes that the genes controlling a trait are all on one chromosome.

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The type of breeding experiments done by King Frederick William of Prussia would not be possible today given available technologies.

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The hormone leptin is produced in ____________________ cells.

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In a certain population with a mean IQ of 100, the heritability of IQ was measured at 0.6. A chapter of Mensa in this population has an average IQ of 140. If they are otherwise typical of their population, about how many of their IQ points can be attributed to their genes?


A) 60
B) 84
C) 24
D) 100
E) 40

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The tall and short phenotypes in pea plants are examples of


A) polygenic traits.
B) continuous traits.
C) multifactorial traits.
D) discontinuous traits.
E) gene interaction.

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King Frederick William of Prussia failed in his attempts to create an army of giants because of all the following reasons except one. Select the exception.


A) Human life spans are too long.
B) Children of the crosses were actually shorter than their parents.
C) Size in humans is too complex a trait.
D) There was too much resistance to his program because of ethical considerations.
E) There are no exceptions. All of these reasons are correct.

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