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During a drought on Daphne Major, ground finches with thinner beaks would have been at an advantage over the birds that lacked this trait. However, because beak depth was favored by natural selection, beak width also increased. This is an example of how selection on one character can cause other characters to change in a ________ direction.


A) positively correlated
B) fixated
C) maladaptive
D) plastic

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When a population reaches fixation,


A) disequilibrium has occurred.
B) it has lost one of the two alleles that code for a character.
C) the mean value of a correlated character has changed.
D) mutation has added new variation to the population.

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Which of the following cannot cause evolutionary change within a population?


A) Natural selection
B) Hardy-Weinberg forces
C) Mutation
D) Random genetic drift

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The character of "behavioral flexibility" evolved in the soapberry bug because it


A) affected reproductive success.
B) occurs only in stable environments.
C) was not passed down from father to son.
D) made behaviorally flexible males stronger.

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At the beginning of the twentieth century, geneticists


A) thought that inheritance was fundamentally discontinuous.
B) argued that Mendelian genetics supported Darwin's idea that adaptation occurs through the accumulation of small variations.
C) agreed that evolution proceeded by the gradual accumulation of small changes.
D) believed that genes had no discernible effect on phenotypes.

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How is continuous variation consistent with Mendelian inheritance?

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To answer this question, students need t...

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Imagine a population of 0 AA, 60 Aa, and 40 aa individuals. What is the frequency of each allele in this population?


A) A = .6 and a = .4
B) A = .5 and a = .5
C) A = .3 and a = .7
D) A = .4 and a = .6

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Imagine a population where 20 individuals are aa, 40 are Aa, and 40 are AA. What are the allelic frequencies?


A) a = .2 and A = .8
B) a = .4 and A = .6
C) a = .5 and A = .5
D) a = .6 and A = .4

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Genetic drift is strongest in


A) small populations.
B) large populations.
C) medium-size populations.
D) populations out of equilibrium.

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Which of the following increase(s) genetic variation?


A) Mutation
B) Selection
C) Recombination
D) Both a and c

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Some male soapberry bugs adjust their mate-guarding behavior in response to the local environment. Males guard females more when


A) females are relatively abundant.
B) females are relatively scarce.
C) the sex ratio is skewed toward females.
D) the sex ratio is balanced.

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Phenylketonuria (PKU)


A) can result in shortened limbs.
B) is caused by the substitution of one allele for another at a single locus.
C) is not a genetically inherited disease.
D) All of the above.

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Explain how natural selection can move a population beyond its initial range of variation.

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Several forces of evolution can work to ...

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An organism expresses antipredator tactics regardless of the number of predators in the environment. This is an example of


A) behavioral canalization.
B) behavioral plasticity.
C) behavioral localization.
D) both a and

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Constraints on adaptation include


A) uncorrelated characters.
B) equilibrium.
C) local adaptations.
D) population genetics.

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Which of the following is correct?


A) Selection can produce change when no variation is present in a population.
B) Selection cannot change the frequency of different phenotypes.
C) The strength and direction of selection depend on the environment.
D) The strength of selection is determined by dominant alleles.

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An organism expresses fewer antipredator tactics when the number of predators in the environment is low. This is an example of


A) behavioral canalization.
B) behavioral plasticity.
C) behavioral localization.
D) behavioral control.

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Consider the following population: 30 AA individuals, 50 Aa individuals, and 20 aa individuals. Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Explain your answer.

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A population is in Hardy-Weinberg equili...

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Although it would be advantageous for animals to be large enough to be invulnerable to predators, but agile enough to leap considerable distances, ________ make(s) this evolutionarily impossible.


A) behavioral plasticity
B) physical constraints
C) genetic drift
D) gene flow

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A correlated response to selection occurs when selection


A) indirectly increases a trait that has no effect on survival.
B) directly increases a trait that has a negative effect on survival.
C) is disruptive.
D) is stabilizing.

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