Exam 7: The Road to Revolution,1763-1775

A) was attended by delegates from each of the thirteen colonies.
B) adopted a moderate proposal for establishing a kind of home rule for the colonies under British direction.
C) made a ringing declaration of America's independence from Britain.
D) called for a complete boycott of British goods.
E) adjourned shortly after convening.

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A) A-3, B-2, C-l
B) A-1, B-4, C-3
C) A-1, B-4, C-2
D) A-4, B-1, C-2
E) A-2, B-1, C-4

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A) outlawed Catholicism in British Quebec.
B) suspended representative assemblies and trials by jury.
C) restricted Quebec's boundaries to the area north of the Great Lakes.
D) was generally ignored by the thirteen seaboard colonies because it had little effect on their relations with Britain.
E) granted Quebec a representative assembly and trial by jury.

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A) raise money to support new military forces needed for colonial defense.
B) punish the American colonists.
C) reduce the number of printed documents in America.
D) enable tax collectors to become wealthy.
E) raise taxes to a higher level than in Britain.

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A) almost all British subjects were represented in Parliament.
B) every member of Parliament represented all British subjects everywhere.
C) colonists could elect their own representatives to Parliament.
D) Parliament could pass virtually all types of legislation except taxes.
E) each member of Parliament represented only people in his district.

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A) convening a colonial congress to request repeal of the act.
B) boycotting British goods.
C) via violence in several colonial towns.
D) wearing woolen clothes made with colonial textiles vs. British cloth.
E) having colonial legislatures issue a court mandate forbidding the enforcement of the act.

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Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was one of...

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A) consider ways of redressing colonial grievances against Britain.
B) become a legislative body.
C) write the Declaration of Independence.
D) decide which of Parliament's taxes the colonies would and would not pay.
E) help implement provisions of the Quebec Act.

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A) poor organization.
B) sectional jealousy, which constantly interfered with the appointment of military leaders.
C) great difficulties in raising money to support the army.
D) the use of numerous European officers.
E) a weak central authority running the war effort.

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D

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Samuel Adams (1722–1803) was a key figur...

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A) rested with the legislature.
B) depended on a strong hierarchical culture.
C) rested with a strong monarchy.
D) rested on an interdependence of all citizens.
E) depended on the virtue of its citizenry.

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E

A) By 1773, it was clear that a colonial rebellion was inevitable.
B) British officials granted the British East India Company a monopoly in the colonies to prevent its bankruptcy.
C) Anger at the tea tax led to mass efforts to turn cargo ships around in New York, Philadelphia, and Annapolis.
D) Bostonians dressed as Indians dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor in protest of the tea tax.
E) Some Bostonians supported the Boston Tea Party; others disagreed with the destruction of property.

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A) Stamp Act.
B) Declaratory Act.
C) Townshend Acts.
D) Quartering Act.
E) Sugar Act.

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A) legislate for the colonies in any matter whatsoever.
B) levy revenue-raising taxes on the colonies.
C) enforce the old Navigation Laws.
D) regulate trade in the empire.
E) choose colonial legislators who would pass taxes.

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A) turn an extensive amount of territory over to Catholic control.
B) affect many colonies, not just Massachusetts.
C) deny the French the right to retain many of their old customs.
D) alarm land speculators, who saw a huge area snatched from their grasp.
E) set a dangerous precedent against jury trials.

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"Virtual" representation was a concept that emerged in 18th-century British political thought and was particularly significant in the context of the relationship between Britain and its American colonies. The term refers to the idea that members of Parliament, regardless of their specific constituencies, represented the interests of all British subjects, including those in the colonies who did not have their own direct representatives in Parliament. Historical Significance: 1. Justification for Taxation: The British government used the concept of virtual representation to justify its authority to tax the American colonies. Since the colonists did not have their own MPs, the British argued that the interests of the colonists were nonetheless "virtually" represented by all MPs. This meant that, in theory, the colonists were part of the British political system and subject to its laws and taxes, even though they had no direct say in electing those who made the laws. 2. American Revolution: The idea of virtual representation was a major point of contention leading up to the American Revolution. The colonists rejected this notion, coining the phrase "no taxation without representation" to express their belief that they should not be taxed by a government in which they had no direct representation. This became a rallying cry for the colonists and one of the ideological underpinnings of the American Revolution. 3. Development of Representative Democracy: The rejection of virtual representation by the American colonists highlighted the importance of direct representation in a functioning democracy. It contributed to the development of the concept that legislators should be directly elected by the people they represent, a principle that has become a cornerstone of modern representative democracies. 4. Expansion of Suffrage: The debate over virtual versus direct representation also played a role in the broader movement for democratic reform in Britain and elsewhere. Over time, it helped to fuel arguments for expanding the franchise so that more people could have a direct say in choosing their representatives. In summary, the concept of virtual representation was historically significant because it was a central issue in the disputes between Britain and its American colonies, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of the American Revolution and influencing the development of democratic principles regarding representation and taxation.

A) would be assumed guilty unless they could prove themselves innocent.
B) would be taken to England for trial.
C) could not present witnesses in their own defense.
D) would not receive a jury trial.
E) could not have an attorney.

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A) was used frequently to overturn laws passed in colonial assemblies.
B) prohibited colonists from conducting the slave trade.
C) was what finally provoked the War of Independence.
D) was used sparingly by the British Parliament.
E) was opposed by many members of the British Parliament.

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