A) Women find emotional infidelity more upsetting because they assume it implies sexual infidelity as well, whereas men typically do not make such an assumption
B) Evolutionarily, women have to both give birth and nurse infants, and this greater investment means they should be more likely to experience jealousy in general
C) Men assume sex is always accompanied by emotional attachment, which is why they find sexual infidelity more upsetting
D) The findings of gender differences in jealousy disappear when the rival for the mate's attention is described as sharing characteristics with the person imagining the infidelity
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A) Pride communicates success and access to resources, ensuring the person's status within the group
B) Pride is perceived negatively by others, so it is thought to punish others who have fewer resources
C) Since pride is more often expressed by non-dominant humans, it is likely a way to create an illusion of power and resources that do not actually exist
D) Pride increases aggression in the person, allowing them to achieve status by dominating others
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A) Jealousy
B) Envy
C) Embarrassment
D) Guilt
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A
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A) The theory suggests that emotions experienced by two people will tend to achieve an equilibrium. Thus, if one person expresses hubris, the other will express envy
B) The theory suggests that if two people are highly similar, they will be more likely to experience jealousy. If they are very different in terms of their abilities and interests, they will be more likely to experience envy
C) The theory suggests that people expect similar outcomes for similar people; if two people are similar but have different outcomes, one is perceived as having an unfair advantage and the other will experience envy
D) The theory suggests that if a person perceives that another individual has a desirable object/circumstance due to hard work rather than luck, they will be more likely to experience envy
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C
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A) Motivating the individual to maintain a positive self-presentation
B) Rewarding behavior that advances the individual's status in the social group
C) Nurturing and strengthening close relationships
D) Regulating moral behavior and enforcing social norms
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A) Signs of emotional jealousy in females and sexual jealousy in males
B) Social dominance in females and youth in males
C) Signs of fertility in females and access to resources in males
D) High social status in females and signs of a nurturing personality in males
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A) Guilt
B) Jealousy
C) Envy
D) Pride
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A) Guilt
B) Shame
C) Embarrassment
D) Pride
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A) Promotional envy; relational envy
B) Incremental envy; fixed envy
C) Incidental envy; fundamental envy
D) Benign envy; malicious envy
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D
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A) Hubris is associated with more positive social behaviors, such as helping others and being a good team player
B) Pride involves satisfaction with a particular behavior, while hubris involves satisfaction with the self in general
C) Pride is associated with a tendency towards aggression and hostility, while hubris is associated with increased self-esteem
D) People who regularly experience pride tend to be socially shunned, whereas people who experience hubris are well liked
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A) The facial expressions associated with each emotion state are universally different, with shame involving more blushing and guilt involving more smiling
B) Guilt follows from an appraisal that one's behavior is to blame for harming someone else, while shame follows from an appraisal that the entire self is to blame
C) Guilt tends to lead to complete social withdrawal and a feeling of hopelessness, while shame often leads to attempts to repair damage and alter future behavior
D) The cognitive appraisals that result in shame involve counterfactual thinking, while the appraisals that result in guilt do not
E) All of the above
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A) Guilt
B) Envy
C) Shame
D) Pride
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A) Guilt makes people more generous to those they have wronged
B) The feeling of guilt results in heightened empathy for others
C) Experiencing guilt causes people to engage in more upstanding behavior, such as showing self-constraint and avoiding self-indulgence
D) Both A and B are documented consequences of guilt
E) All of the above are documented consequences of guilt
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A) People tend to envy those who are higher-status on many dimensions, not just in terms of their possession of the envied object/circumstance
B) People tend to envy those who are similar to them in most ways other than the possession of the envied object/circumstance
C) People tend to envy those who are lower-status in every way except in their possession of the envied object/circumstance
D) People envy anyone who is generally unlikeable, regardless of what desirable object/circumstance they possess
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A) Aggression; friendliness
B) Appeasement; resource maintenance
C) Competence; dominance
D) Arrogance; positive self-esteem
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A) Metacognition
B) Hindsight bias
C) Counterfactual thinking
D) Social comparison
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A) Comparison processes
B) Reflective processes
C) Mentalizing processes
D) Reactance processes
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A) Social comparison
B) Self-evaluation
C) Self-awareness
D) Self-consciousness
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A) Men are attracted to women with a high hip-to-waist ratio, while women are attracted to men with a high shoulder-to-hip ratio
B) Men get more upset when they think about their romantic partner's sexual infidelity, while women react more negatively to thoughts of their partner's emotional infidelity
C) Both men and women are more upset by thoughts of repeated sexual infidelity compared to one-time sexual infidelity; only men, however, are upset by a single instance of emotional infidelity
D) As gender equality increases within a culture, gender differences in jealousy and mate preference tend to decrease
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A) They emerge later in development than ""basic"" emotions
B) They depend on the individual having a self-concept
C) None of the self-conscious emotions have an accompanying expression
D) They most likely evolved for the management of social relationships
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