A) removing many of the next higher trophic level organisms so that the struggling trophic level below can recover.
B) a means of reversing the effects of pollution by applying antidote chemicals that have a neutralizing effect on the community.
C) an example of how one would use the bottom-up model for community restoration.
D) adjusting the numbers of each of the trophic levels back to the numbers that they were before human disturbance.
E) monitoring and adjusting the nutrient and energy flow through a community with new technologies.
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A) as we increase in altitude in equatorial mountains.
B) as we travel southward from the North Pole.
C) on islands as distance from the mainland increases.
D) as depth increases in aquatic communities.
E) as community size decreases.
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A) equilibrium.
B) facilitation.
C) immigration.
D) inhibition.
E) parasitism.
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A) +/+
B) +/o
C) +/-
D) o/o
E) -/-
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A) They are less likely to be affected by human disturbance.
B) There are fewer parasites to negatively affect the health of tropical communities.
C) Tropical communities are low in altitude, whereas temperate and polar communities are high in altitude.
D) Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities.
E) More competitive dominant species have evolved in temperate and polar communities.
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A) competitively exclude other predators.
B) prey on the community's dominant species.
C) allow immigration of other predators.
D) reduce the number of disruptions in the community.
E) prey only on the least abundant species in the community.
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A) determining how many species are present overall
B) determining which particular species are present
C) determining the kinds of interactions that occur among organisms of different species
D) determining the relative abundance of species
E) determining how many species are present overall, which particular species are present, the kinds of interactions that occur among organisms of different species, and the relative abundance of species
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A) Habitats are opened up for less competitive species.
B) Competitively dominant species infrequently exclude less competitive species after a moderate disturbance.
C) The environmental conditions become optimal.
D) The resulting uniform habitat supports stability, which in turn supports diversity.
E) Less-competitive species evolve strategies to compete with dominant species.
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A) competitive exclusion that results in the success of the superior species
B) slight variations in niche that allow similar species to coexist
C) two species that can coevolve to share identical niches
D) differential resource utilization that results in a decrease in community species diversity
E) a climax community that is reached when no new niches are available
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A) mutualism.
B) character displacement.
C) Batesian mimicry.
D) facultative commensalism.
E) resource partitioning.
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A) +/+
B) +/o
C) +/-
D) o/o
E) -/-
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A) tropical communities cover more surface area than temperate communities.
B) adaptive radiation occurred in tropical areas earlier than in temperate areas.
C) tropical regions have species with high birth rates and rapid growth.
D) tropical regions often have more available water and higher levels of sunlight.
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A) Staghorn coral has been decimated by the pathogen, and Elkhorn coral has taken its place.
B) Key habitat for lobsters, snappers, and other reef fishes has improved.
C) Algal species take the place of the dead coral, and the fish community is dominated by herbivores.
D) Algal species take over and the overall reef diversity increases due to increases in primary productivity.
E) Other coral species take the place of the affected Staghorn and Elkhorn species.
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A) habitat.
B) niche.
C) territory.
D) range.
E) biome.
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A) mutualism
B) parasitism
C) commensalism
D) facilitation
E) competition
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A) is caused by suborganismal pathogens such as viruses, viroids, and prions only.
B) is caused by pathogens that are transferred from other animals to humans by direct contact or by means of a vector.
C) can only be spread from animals to humans through direct contact.
D) can only be transferred from animals to humans by means of an intermediate host.
E) is too specific to study at the community level, and studies of zoonotic pathogens are relegated to organismal biology.
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A) limitation of plant biomass as a result of nitrogen deficiency
B) effect of grazing intensity by pronghorn antelope on plant species in the prairies
C) influence of rainfall on competition among plants
D) influence of shade on the abundance of flowering plants and ferns
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