Question 1

Why did witchcraft trials begin to decline in the mid-seventeenth century?

Accepted Answer

A)   Scientists, physicians, lawyers, and clergy came to believe that the accusations were based on superstition.
B)   Science had proved that belief in the devil was not logical.
C)   Enlightened rulers saw the trials as a threat to order and stability.
D)   Protestant leaders ridiculed witch trials as one of the errors of Catholicism.

Question 2

Principia Mathematica (1687) , which synthesized the laws of movement and universal gravitation, was the work of what great scholar?

Accepted Answer

A)   Sir Francis Bacon
B)   Johannes Kepler
C)   Marie Curie
D)   Isaac Newton

Question 3

By about 1648, western and central Europe were primarily
​
​
 ​

Accepted Answer

A)   Calvinist.
B)   Lutheran.
C)   Orthodox.
D)   Catholic.

Question 4

Although the Thirty Years' War was the culmination of over a century of religious conflict in Europe, for several of the parties involved, state interests outweighed religious considerations. Discuss how the Thirty Years' War and its consequences represented a shift in European politics.

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi...

Question 5

What was the significance of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   It barred Protestant princes from participating in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor.
B)   It stipulated that Lutherans pay their tithe to the Catholic church.
C)   It made Lutheranism a legal religion in the predominantly Catholic Holy Roman Empire, but it did not extend recognition to Calvinism.
D)   It required Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire to live in principalities headed by Protestant princes.

Question 6

Which of the following astronomers provided mathematical backing for heliocentrism and was the first to assert that planetary orbits are elliptical?

Accepted Answer

A)   Galileo Galilei
B)   Johannes Kepler
C)   Tycho Brahe
D)   Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 7

How did the Peace of Westphalia influence future European disputes?

Accepted Answer

A)   It served as a diplomatic model for resolving disputes between warring nations, as it brought all parties together to design a settlement.
B)   It forced the losing parties to take all blame and punishment for the conflict, creating a model that would last well into the twentieth century.
C)   It forced European monarchs to appeal to a committee of European leaders for all major financial and political decisions.
D)   It laid out the terms for naval warfare, particularly regarding the burgeoning Atlantic trade and the rise in privateering.

Question 8

What caused the mass exodus of Moriscos from Spanish territory to North Africa between 1609 and 1614?

Accepted Answer

A)   An outbreak of the plague forced them to flee to the deserts of the Sahara.
B)   King Philip III expelled them in retaliation for their revolt forty years earlier in which some fifteen hundred Christians were killed.
C)   They were chased from Spain after accusations were made that they practiced witchcraft and sorcery against the Spanish people.
D)   They were defeated in a battle against the Spanish army after siding with Turkish forces that had invaded the territory.

Question 9

According to this map, which European nation was the most successful at colonizing the Americas in the seventeenth century?
​
 ​

Accepted Answer

A)   Denmark
B)   France
C)   Spain
D)   Sweden

Question 10

What was the general response of the European population to the famine that arose in Europe in the late sixteenth century?

Accepted Answer

A)   Europeans engaged in massive, widespread revolts that brought down both local and national governments.
B)   Although revolts did occur, most people simply took to the road in search of food and charity.
C)   Europeans turned to religion and superstition as a means of explaining their bad fortune, and churches subsequently became very wealthy.
D)   Europeans began turning on each other, and civil wars broke out across Europe as small disputes became cause for violence.

Question 11

How did the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV in 1598, end the French Wars of Religion?

Accepted Answer

A)   It legalized Protestantism and granted Protestants the same rights and freedoms as Catholics throughout the realm.
B)   It granted Protestants a large measure of toleration, such as freedom to worship in specified towns and the right to retain their own troops, courts, and fortresses.
C)   It established the Bourbons as heirs to the Valois throne, thus nullifying any Guise family counterclaims.
D)   It declared Catholicism the official religion of France, thereby undermining popular support for the Guises and their Spanish allies.

Question 12

The artistic style known as the baroque was most closely tied to which religious movement?

Accepted Answer

A)   The Protestant Reformation
B)   The Catholic resurgence after the Reformation
C)   The Puritans
D)   The Renaissance

Question 13

Which of the following nations invaded the German states of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War?
​
​
 ​

Accepted Answer

A)   England
B)   France
C)   Poland-Lithuania
D)   The Ottoman Empire

Question 14

Which French Catholic ruler ushered in the French Wars of Religion after a disastrous attempt to play rival factions against one another?

Accepted Answer

A)   Charles IX
B)   Catherine de Médicis
C)   Henry of Navarre
D)   Henri de Guise

Question 15

In what ways did European states engage in economic and political competition in the New World?

Accepted Answer

A)   They began organizing mass emigration to the New World in order to gain a foothold in the newly discovered territories.
B)   They chartered private joint-stock companies to import new goods and natural resources, and they invested in the burgeoning slave trade and plantation economies in the New World.
C)   They organized special shipping routes that provided a means of tourism for wealthy European elites in addition to bringing goods and raw materials back from the New World.
D)   They began to colonize the African coastline and interior in order to set up stronger bases for slave and commercial trade with the New World.

Question 16

The French Catholic lawyer Jean Bodin (1530-1596)  is perhaps best known for his defense of what doctrine?

Accepted Answer

A)   Mercantilism
B)   Monarchical absolutism
C)   Religious toleration
D)   Heliocentrism

Question 17

Demographic historians who have studied the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries confirm that in times of economic crisis Europeans tended to

Accepted Answer

A)   coalesce into extended households of some ten to fifteen people in an effort to pool resources.
B)   practice infanticide of girls, who were deemed less able to withstand the heavy labor required in subsistence farming.
C)   postpone marriage, often until their late twenties, and have fewer children.
D)   marry young and have more children in the hope that their children would contribute to the family income.

Question 18

What explains the predominance of women among those accused of witchcraft in Europe and North America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Accepted Answer

A)   The rising number of women's social groups formed to pursue political rights led to a fear of covens.
B)   A series of plague-like illnesses swept through Europe and North America, afflicting mainly men, which led people to believe that witches were causing them.
C)   Accusers tended to single out the poorest and most socially marginal people in their community (i.e., elderly spinsters and widows) , who were thought to be seeking revenge on the wealthy.
D)   The rise in infant and child mortality due to the severe famines of the era was blamed on jealous childless women.

Question 19

During this time of scientific revolution and challenges to religion, how did art evolve? Identify the new style of art that emerged during this time and its characteristics. How did that style fit with the tensions between the secular world and the church?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi...

Question 20

How did the Thirty Years' War affect European civilians?

Accepted Answer

A)   It solved the problem of overpopulation, leading to higher wages and better diets for both the rural peasantry and urban populations.
B)   It left most civilians materially better off but ambivalent toward their governments, which had pushed them into the war.
C)   It impoverished those in battle zones but greatly enriched merchants and privateers who profited from the prolonged warfare.
D)   It resulted in widespread suffering and devastation and led to peasant revolts and even outbreaks of plague.

Exam 15: Wars of Religion and the Clash of Worldviews, 1560-1648

Which French Catholic ruler ushered in the French Wars of Religion after a disastrous attempt to play rival factions against one another?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following astronomers provided mathematical backing for heliocentrism and was the first to assert that planetary orbits are elliptical?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How did the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV in 1598, end the French Wars of Religion?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The French Catholic lawyer Jean Bodin (1530-1596) is perhaps best known for his defense of what doctrine?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What caused the mass exodus of Moriscos from Spanish territory to North Africa between 1609 and 1614?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The artistic style known as the baroque was most closely tied to which religious movement?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Demographic historians who have studied the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries confirm that in times of economic crisis Europeans tended to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During this time of scientific revolution and challenges to religion, how did art evolve? Identify the new style of art that emerged during this time and its characteristics. How did that style fit with the tensions between the secular world and the church?

Correct AnswerverifiedAnswer would ideally include the followi...View AnswerShow Answer

Why did witchcraft trials begin to decline in the mid-seventeenth century?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What explains the predominance of women among those accused of witchcraft in Europe and North America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following nations invaded the German states of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War? ​ ​ ​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Principia Mathematica (1687) , which synthesized the laws of movement and universal gravitation, was the work of what great scholar?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Although the Thirty Years' War was the culmination of over a century of religious conflict in Europe, for several of the parties involved, state interests outweighed religious considerations. Discuss how the Thirty Years' War and its consequences represented a shift in European politics.

Correct AnswerverifiedAnswer would ideally include the followi...View AnswerShow Answer

How did the Peace of Westphalia influence future European disputes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In what ways did European states engage in economic and political competition in the New World?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What was the significance of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to this map, which European nation was the most successful at colonizing the Americas in the seventeenth century? ​ ​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

By about 1648, western and central Europe were primarily ​ ​ ​

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How did the Thirty Years' War affect European civilians?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What was the general response of the European population to the famine that arose in Europe in the late sixteenth century?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Answer would ideally include the followi...
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Which of the following nations invaded the German states of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War?

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Answer would ideally include the followi...
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According to this map, which European nation was the most successful at colonizing the Americas in the seventeenth century?

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By about 1648, western and central Europe were primarily

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