Question 1

In a study on infant depth cue perception, researchers found that older infants could judge the distances of objects using only one eye, but that younger infants needed both eyes to do so. Older infants are therefore able to rely on _______ cues to gauge distance whereas younger infants need to still rely on _______ cues.

Accepted Answer

A)   depth; shallow
B)   monocular; binocular
C)   monocular; motion
D)   motion; binocular
E)   depth, motionF) A) and E)
G) All of the above

Question 2

Which of the following examples would support Myrtle McGraw's conclusion of how early environmental experiences contribute to infant motor development?

Accepted Answer

A)   Infants who are well nourished during the first year of life show greater motor skills abilities than malnourished infants.
B)   Lucy's swimming lessons as a young child would likely result in her experiencing greater coordination in such skills throughout her life.
C)   Substantial early interventions into infant motor skills will overstress mental capacities, resulting in delays in reaching future milestones.
D)   Intervention in motor skill development in one area of functioning (e.g., reaching)  will spill over to other areas of motor development (e.g., walking) .
E)   Early infant experiences result in superior motor skills abilities, provided that they are maintained past childhood.F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

Question 3

Jackson's mother presented him with a new toy, a colorful rattler. At first, Jackson stared intently at the toy, but after attending to it for a few minutes, he began to look away, and eventually did not show interest in the toy at all. Jackson's behavior would signal that he had

Accepted Answer

A)   demonstrated visual preference.
B)   became overstimulated by the toy.
C)   showed a strong novelty preference.
D)   did not like the appearance of the toy.
E)   habituated to the toy.F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

Question 4

Gesell's work involved documenting the motor abilities and physical growth of infants, including changing skills in prehension, which refers to

Accepted Answer

A)   evidence of rolling and crawling.
B)   early walking abilities.
C)   voluntary lying down and sitting skills.
D)   approaching, grasping, and releasing objects.
E)   being able to sit up unaided.F) D) and E)
G) C) and E)

Question 5

Cruising behavior in infants is functionally similar to _______ behavior because of the heavy reliance on _______.

Accepted Answer

A)   walking; muscles in the torso
B)   walking; leg muscles
C)   standing; leg and torso muscles
D)   crawling; muscles in the torso
E)   crawling; muscles in the armsF) A) and B)
G) C) and E)

Question 6

In class, your professor states that there is a universal pattern of motor development in infants, and that all infants develop motor skills in the same order, regardless of biology or experience. Your professor follows the thinking of Gesell, by strongly endorsing the role of _______ in infant motor development.

Accepted Answer

A)   maturation
B)   environment
C)   genetics
D)   nutrition
E)   evolutionF) B) and D)
G) All of the above

Question 7

When viewing objects at different distances, the lens of the eye automatically changes shape in a process known as

Accepted Answer

A)   visual stimulation.
B)   sensory reactivity.
C)   visual accommodation.
D)   binocular cues.
E)   occulatory shift.F) B) and D)
G) D) and E)

Question 8

All of the following muscle groups play a central role in the infant's ability to sit unaided and without supports except the

Accepted Answer

A)   neck.
B)   torso.
C)   arms.
D)   hips.
E)   legs.F) B) and D)
G) A) and E)

Question 9

Explain how Slater and colleagues were able to study infant comprehension of size constancy in infants using the preferential looking test.

Accepted Answer

In a study by Slater and colleagues (1990), infants were either habituated to a large or small sized cube, then were simultaneously shown both cubes at different distances so that they cast the same size image on the infants' retina. If the infant could tell the difference in the true size between the two cubes (even when the retinal images did not differ), they would look longer at the cube they had not been previously shown (e.g., they would look longer at the bigger cube if habituated to the smaller one, or vice versa).

Question 10

Mai and Clifton are both sitting upright on an experimenter's lap and are presented with an interesting toy that is slightly beyond their reach. Although Clifton attempts to lean forward to grab the object, Mai does not, knowing it is too far away. Based on your knowledge of the development of reaching, you could conclude that

Accepted Answer

A)   Clifton is likely younger than Mai.
B)   Mai is likely younger than Clifton.
C)   both infants are younger than 4 months of age.
D)   both infants are older than 8 months old.
E)   their ages cannot be determined from the information provided.F) C) and D)
G) B) and E)

Question 11

Four-month-old Emile watches as a researcher rolls a ball down a plank, through a colorful tunnel. Although he can smoothly track the progress of the ball's movement down the track, he doesn't look to the other side of the tunnel until the ball pops out. On the other hand, 7-month-old Bella anticipates its appearance after entering the tunnel and shifts her eyes to the end of the tunnel before the ball appears. Compared to Emile, Bella shows

Accepted Answer

A)   motion parallax.
B)   depth perception.
C)   attractiveness effect.
D)   anticipatory eye movements.
E)   visual saccades.F) All of the above
G) A) and D)

Question 12

Gait-mats are useful to assess infant walking ability, however they are limited in that they

Accepted Answer

A)   require infants to walk in a straight line.
B)   only work when infants walk at a slow pace.
C)   cannot assess length of footsteps.
D)   require infants to be able to walk down an incline.
E)   are only usable for infants under 12 months of age.F) None of the above
G) A) and D) A

Question 13

Marcus was just given something new to eat by his mother. Upon tasting it, his lips immediately puckered, and his mouth produced saliva. Marcus' mom likely gave Marcus something that was _______ flavored.

Accepted Answer

A)   sweet
B)   sour
C)   salty
D)   bitter
E)   umamiF) C) and E)
G) None of the above B

Question 14

Which of the following scenarios would best illustrate the role of the other-race effect observed in infants?

Accepted Answer

A)   Infants raised among individuals of a specific race tend to look longer at faces of people that appear to be of a different racial background.
B)   Younger infants are more accurate at differentiating the features of people of different races compared to older infants.
C)   Infants raised in a multi-racial environment tend to have difficulty differentiating the facial features of people of different races.
D)   Increasing infant exposure to faces of different races increases their preference for looking at faces that match their own race.
E)   Older infants are more accurate at differentiating the features of people of different races compared to younger infants.F) All of the above
G) A) and D)

Question 15

Explain how researchers can test infant understanding of intermodal perception using habituation and recovery.

Accepted Answer

Researchers will first habituate infants...

Question 16

Henry is being fed by his mother. Each time her mouth moves, he hears sounds ("Open wide! This is yummy!")  and then feels the cold, smooth texture of the food in his mouth. After each bite of food, he hears the spoon lightly tapping against the applesauce container as his mother prepares another bite of food for him. Henry's integration of these experiences into an understanding of being fed is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   gustatory perception.
B)   sensory maturation.
C)   temporal synchrony.
D)   asynchronous perception.
E)   intermodal perception.F) D) and E)
G) None of the above

Question 17

The ecological theory of perception proposed a significant departure from earlier views on infant perceptual development because the theory emphasized the

Accepted Answer

A)   infant's role in piecing together dynamic, visual experiences in their environment in a way that allowed them to make sense of their experiences.
B)   negative impact that environment poverty would have in reducing an infant's ability to correctly develop key cognitive processes.
C)   dependency that infants had on their cultural context to provide important visual cues necessary for proper perceptual development.
D)   role of direct parent-child interactions in helping children make sense of their visual world.
E)   role of visually complex environments in facilitating perceptual skills.F) B) and C)
G) C) and D)

Question 18

Reya is 30 months old. During art class, she has crayons, a sheet of regular paper, and a sheet of paper that is covered in plastic and wet. What is she likely to do?

Accepted Answer

A)   Spend a lot of time figuring out whether to color the paper or the wet plastic surface before doing anything
B)   Be more interested in banging the brushes than painting
C)   Color the paper because the surface allows the colors to show but the wet plastic does not
D)   Not color either surface because holding crayons is difficult at this age
E)   Attempt to color the wet plastic surface to create something differentF) A) and B)
G) B) and C)

Question 19

Makena is a 5-month-old infant born to Kenyan parents who recently immigrated to the United States. Based on your knowledge of the role of cultural norms on motor development in infants, you would predict that Makena will

Accepted Answer

A)   be delayed compared to her same-aged peers in motor milestones related to sitting and standing, provided that her parents continue to embrace Kenyan cultural norms of child-rearing.
B)   be ahead of her same-aged peers in some motor milestones related to sitting and standing provided that her parents continue to embrace Kenyan cultural norms of child-rearing.
C)   likely be delayed in reaching motor milestones like sitting and standing because cultural norms in the United States promote slower infant motor skills attainment compared to most other countries.
D)   show accelerated achievement of motor milestones such as sitting and standing only if her parents immediately embrace American cultural norms of child-rearing.
E)   likely reach motor milestones around the same time as her American peers because research has shown that culture has little influence in predicting motor development.F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

Question 20

How did Needham's "sticky mittens" experiment contributed to our understanding of the role of tactile touch on the development of reaching and grasping in infants?

Accepted Answer

Three-month-olds are unable to effective...

Exam 4: Perceptual and Motor Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following examples would support Myrtle McGraw's conclusion of how early environmental experiences contribute to infant motor development?

Correct Answer
verified

Jackson's mother presented him with a new toy, a colorful rattler. At first, Jackson stared intently at the toy, but after attending to it for a few minutes, he began to look away, and eventually did not show interest in the toy at all. Jackson's behavior would signal that he had

Correct Answer
verified

Gesell's work involved documenting the motor abilities and physical growth of infants, including changing skills in prehension, which refers to

Correct Answer
verified

Cruising behavior in infants is functionally similar to _ behavior because of the heavy reliance on _.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

When viewing objects at different distances, the lens of the eye automatically changes shape in a process known as

Correct Answer
verified

All of the following muscle groups play a central role in the infant's ability to sit unaided and without supports except the

Correct Answer
verified

Explain how Slater and colleagues were able to study infant comprehension of size constancy in infants using the preferential looking test.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Gait-mats are useful to assess infant walking ability, however they are limited in that they

Correct Answer
verified
A

Marcus was just given something new to eat by his mother. Upon tasting it, his lips immediately puckered, and his mouth produced saliva. Marcus' mom likely gave Marcus something that was _______ flavored.

Correct Answer
verified
B

Which of the following scenarios would best illustrate the role of the other-race effect observed in infants?

Correct Answer
verified

Explain how researchers can test infant understanding of intermodal perception using habituation and recovery.

Correct Answer
verified
Researchers will first habituate infants...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

The ecological theory of perception proposed a significant departure from earlier views on infant perceptual development because the theory emphasized the

Correct Answer
verified

Reya is 30 months old. During art class, she has crayons, a sheet of regular paper, and a sheet of paper that is covered in plastic and wet. What is she likely to do?

Correct Answer
verified

Makena is a 5-month-old infant born to Kenyan parents who recently immigrated to the United States. Based on your knowledge of the role of cultural norms on motor development in infants, you would predict that Makena will

Correct Answer
verified

How did Needham's "sticky mittens" experiment contributed to our understanding of the role of tactile touch on the development of reaching and grasping in infants?

Correct Answer
verified
Three-month-olds are unable to effective...
View Answer

Exam 4: Perceptual and Motor Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following examples would support Myrtle McGraw's conclusion of how early environmental experiences contribute to infant motor development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jackson's mother presented him with a new toy, a colorful rattler. At first, Jackson stared intently at the toy, but after attending to it for a few minutes, he began to look away, and eventually did not show interest in the toy at all. Jackson's behavior would signal that he had

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Gesell's work involved documenting the motor abilities and physical growth of infants, including changing skills in prehension, which refers to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cruising behavior in infants is functionally similar to _______ behavior because of the heavy reliance on _______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When viewing objects at different distances, the lens of the eye automatically changes shape in a process known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All of the following muscle groups play a central role in the infant's ability to sit unaided and without supports except the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain how Slater and colleagues were able to study infant comprehension of size constancy in infants using the preferential looking test.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Gait-mats are useful to assess infant walking ability, however they are limited in that they

Correct AnswerverifiedA

Marcus was just given something new to eat by his mother. Upon tasting it, his lips immediately puckered, and his mouth produced saliva. Marcus' mom likely gave Marcus something that was _______ flavored.

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Which of the following scenarios would best illustrate the role of the other-race effect observed in infants?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain how researchers can test infant understanding of intermodal perception using habituation and recovery.

Correct AnswerverifiedResearchers will first habituate infants...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The ecological theory of perception proposed a significant departure from earlier views on infant perceptual development because the theory emphasized the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Reya is 30 months old. During art class, she has crayons, a sheet of regular paper, and a sheet of paper that is covered in plastic and wet. What is she likely to do?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Makena is a 5-month-old infant born to Kenyan parents who recently immigrated to the United States. Based on your knowledge of the role of cultural norms on motor development in infants, you would predict that Makena will

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How did Needham's "sticky mittens" experiment contributed to our understanding of the role of tactile touch on the development of reaching and grasping in infants?

Correct AnswerverifiedThree-month-olds are unable to effective...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified

Cruising behavior in infants is functionally similar to _ behavior because of the heavy reliance on _.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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A

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B

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Researchers will first habituate infants...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Three-month-olds are unable to effective...
View Answer