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What three conditions favor the evolution of signals as accurate indicators of conditions.

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1) When the fitness interests ...

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Which of the following is NOT associated with aposematic coloration?


A) Noxious chemicals or toxins
B) Visual signaling
C) Predation
D) Accurate indicator of conditions
E) Audience effects

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Which of the following was NOT predicted by Wheeler (2009) in his experiment examining false alarm calls in capuchin monkeys?


A) Only males will produce false alarm calls.
B) False alarm calls will be produced by subordinates rather than dominants.
C) Food distribution will affect false alarm call production.
D) Proximity to food will affect false alarm call production.
E) False alarm calls will affect the behavior of dominants.

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Which of the following is true about Batesian and aggressive mimicry?


A) A Batesian mimic is a prey species; an aggressive mimic is a predator.
B) A Bateisan mimic is always smaller than an aggressive mimic.
C) Batesian mimicry involves mating; aggressive mimicry involves territory defense.
D) Batesian mimicry involves females; aggressive mimicry involves males.
E) Both involve auditory signals

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Explain why inaccurate signals are relatively rare in the context of intraspecific interactions but much more common for interspecific interactions.

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The fitness interests of individuals of ...

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An audience effect involves ______________.


A) modifying a signal in response to environmental conditions
B) modifying behavior in response to the presence of a bystander
C) manipulating a rival by increasing the intensity of an auditory signal
D) selection on an auditory signal
E) altering the behavior of a predator by interacting with it

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You observe variation in the auditory signal that males use to attract females. Which of the following would be true if the signal is an accurate indicator of male quality?


A) The highest-quality males have the most common form of the signal.
B) The highest-quality males have the most extreme form of the signal.
C) Male quality is unrelated to signal variation.
D) Only the highest-quality females prefer the highest-quality males.
E) Females will use multiple signals to identify the highest-quality males.

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From what data did Nicholls and Goldizen (2006) conclude that habitat structure affected signal production in satin bowerbirds?


A) Populations in different habitats differed in their genotypes.
B) Populations in different habitats produced different signals.
C) Males and females preferred different habitats.
D) Individuals produced different signals depending on their location within a habitat.
E) Individuals modified their habitat before producing a signal.

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You observe two different prey species reduce their total activity level after they smell the urine scent of the same predator. Which of the following can you conclude about this observation?


A) The urine contains a pheromone.
B) The urine is a general odorant.
C) The observation is an example of a bystander effect.
D) This is an example of odor mimicry.
E) This is an example of a communication network.

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What prediction did Nichols and Goldizen (2006) test regarding auditory signals in satin bowerbirds?


A) Age influences signal production
B) Predation risk influences the signal
C) Competition influences the signal
D) Frequency-dependent selection influences the signal
E) Habitat structure influences the signal

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