Exam 14: Human Behavior

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(Answers will vary.) Female attractiveness may be an indicator of genetic quality and/or fertility. Feminine features favored by men in Western cultures are associated with strong immune systems, good health, high estrogen levels, and fertility. Fertility varies considerably due to age, health, and body weight. For instance, women who are younger have higher fecundity, and women with a particular body shape (narrow waist and large breasts) have higher levels of estradiol and are three times more likely to conceive a child than other women. However, cultural influences also play a role in shaping definitions of attractiveness, which can complement or counteract selection.

A) Human speech is determined solely by the regulatory action of genes such as FOXP2.
B) Broca's area in the cerebral cortex of the human brain works independently to enable comprehension of spoken language.
C) Genetic information underlies the ability of the brain to change in response to acoustic and social inputs during early development.
D) Humans learn and understand different languages as a result of hereditary differences in the FOXP2 gene.

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A) there is assortative mating between men and women.
B) women's sexual preferences do not align with their mating behavior.
C) the interests of men and women are not aligned, so there is likely sexual conflict.
D) there is little intrasexual competition in humans.

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(Answers will vary.) The human brain is ...

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A) women and men aligned in their interests for how many sexual partners they would like to have over different periods of time.
B) men wanted many more sexual partners in their lifetime than women, and were more willing to have sex with a desired partner after a shorter amount of time.
C) both men and women's willingness to have sex with a desired partner declined over time, though women's willingness declined more steeply.
D) men and women differed in their preferences for number of partners and willingness to have sex with a partner in the short-term, but aligned in the long-term.

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A) The FOXP2 gene occurs in closely related species like chimpanzees and gorillas, as well as in diverse taxa including frogs, fish, and rodents.
B) A British family with a mutant allele of the gene FOXP2 had severe speech deficits.
C) Stone tool making and cued word generation cause common cerebral blood flow signatures in the brain.
D) Chimpanzees have a longer tongue and differently shaped vocal tract than humans, making them physically incapable of producing particular sounds.

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A) A wealthy man can provide assistance for her relatives and their offspring, thereby providing an indirect fitness benefit.
B) A man's wealth is indicative of his intelligence, and therefore he will likely produce offspring that are also intelligent.
C) A wealthy man can provide more parental care and resources to care for his offspring.
D) A wealthy man benefits his or her society by providing assistance to individuals otherwise likely to be a burden to the group.

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A) A wealthy man can provide assistance for her relatives and their offspring, thereby providing an indirect fitness benefit.
B) A man's wealth is indicative of his intelligence, and therefore he will likely produce offspring that are also intelligent.
C) A wealthy man can provide more parental care and resources to care for his offspring.
D) A wealthy man benefits his or her society by providing assistance to individuals otherwise likely to be a burden to the group.

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A) is under strong natural selection in humans.
B) originated in a distant ancestor of many modern species, and was independently modified to facilitate vocal learning and speech.
C) is unique to humans and is primarily responsible for facilitating human speech.
D) is only found in close relatives to humans, indicating that it was critical for the evolution of language capacity but not speech.

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A) women prefer dominant men because they are able to protect their partner from other men.
B) women prefer men with high testosterone faces because these features indicate social dominance.
C) women do not necessarily prefer men with genetic traits that indicate social dominance.
D) male facial masculinity is under strong sexual selection by female choice.

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A) human speech evolved much earlier in our evolutionary history than the technical hypothesis suggests.
B) the FOXP2 gene is only found in close relatives to humans and was therefore critical for the evolution of human speech.
C) the human variant of the FOXP2 gene was shared by Neanderthals, suggesting that speech arose more recently.
D) the FOXP2 gene originated in the distant past in an ancestor of many modern species, and thus is unrelated to human capacity for language.

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C

A) differ in their mate preferences, leading to sexual conflict.
B) differ in their mate preferences, leading to reproductive conflict.
C) differ in their mate preferences in the short-term but align in the long-term.
D) align in their mate preferences overall.

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A) high testosterone faces reveal dominance, but not attractiveness.
B) women's preference for attractiveness is unrelated to male testosterone level.
C) women viewed men with high levels of testosterone as both dominant and attractive.
D) high testosterone faces reveal attractiveness, but not dominance.

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A) A wealthy man can provide assistance for her relatives and their offspring, thereby providing an indirect fitness benefit.
B) A man's wealth is indicative of his intelligence, and therefore he will likely produce offspring that are also intelligent.
C) A wealthy man can provide more parental care and resources to care for his offspring.
D) A wealthy man benefits his or her society by providing assistance to individuals otherwise likely to be a burden to the group.

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A) A wealthy man can provide assistance for her relatives and their offspring, thereby providing an indirect fitness benefit.
B) A man's wealth is indicative of his intelligence, and therefore he will likely produce offspring that are also intelligent.
C) A wealthy man can provide more parental care and resources to care for his offspring.
D) A wealthy man benefits his or her society by providing assistance to individuals otherwise likely to be a burden to the group.

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(Answers will vary.) Tall men have genes...

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