Exam 2: Doing Social Psychology Research

A) Cultural differences affect people by the context in which they complete a survey.
B) Translation of a survey or questionnaire from one language to the other can be literally the same, yet carry the wrong connotation.
C) Completing a survey, questionnaire, or interview in a different language from one's native tongue can produce different outcomes.
D) Gaining funds to travel to distant locations to conduct one's research is costly and at times dangerous.

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A) there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the observed effects on the dependent variables.
B) there can be reasonable confidence that the same results would be obtained for other people and in other situations.
C) participants were assigned to the various conditions on the basis of representative criteria.
D) the experimental situation engages participants and leads them to behave naturally and spontaneously.

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A) construct validity
B) interrater reliability
C) mundane realism
D) internal validity

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A) In correlational research, variables are measured but not manipulated.
B) In correlational research, one variable is manipulated and one is measured.
C) Correlational research can be conducted using observational, but not archival, measures.
D) Correlational research can be conducted using archival, but not observational, measures.

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A) allow other social psychologists to attempt to replicate the findings.
B) ensure that the right people get credit for the research.
C) provide a solid theoretical foundation for social psychological research.
D) encourage social psychologists to conduct more basic, rather than applied, research.

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One essential characteristic of an experiment is that the researcher has control over the experimental procedures.The researcher manipulates the variables of interest and keeps all else uniform.That is, all participants should be treated exactly the same way--except for the manipulations that the experimenter is investigating.The other essential characteristic of an experiment is that all participants are assigned randomly to the different conditions.Because of random assignment to condition, at the beginning of the study there should be no systematic differences between the groups of participants.Internal validity is the degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variable.By having a great deal of control over the experimental procedures, researchers can help ensure that the only differences between conditions are the manipulations themselves and not some other factors.If other factors vary along with the independent variables, then it is less clear that the independent variables are the cause of any differences found in the dependent variable, thereby reducing the internal validity of the experiment.Even if the researcher has a great deal of control and ensures that the only differences in the treatment received by the participants across conditions are the manipulations of the independent variables, it is possible that the participants in one condition are different from the participants in other conditions in important ways just by random chance.If this is the case, the differences found in the dependent variable may be a function of these other differences rather than the result of the manipulations.If the participants are randomly assigned to the conditions, however, the chances that the participants differed in ways other than those created by the manipulations become very improbable, especially with larger samples.Differences found in the dependent variable can thus be attributed to the manipulations of the independent variables rather than to pre-existing differences among the participants, thereby creating internal validity.

A) There is a 5 percent probability or less that this correlation occurred by chance.
B) Zachary cannot be sure what causes what, but he can be sure that either binge drinking causes lower grades or vice versa.
C) Zachary will probably try to replicate his findings by conducting an experiment.
D) Zachary would not have been able to conduct the study if students received written evaluations from instructors rather than grades.

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A) External validity
B) Random selection
C) Random assignment
D) Manipulation

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A) college students tend to be naively ignorant of the risks associated with some of their behaviors.
B) the simple wording and/or positioning of a question can have a drastic effect on self-report responses.
C) participants often lie when they are asked about sensitive personal issues.
D) All of these

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A) solving practical or real-world problems.
B) testing psychological theories.
C) building a foundation of knowledge for the field.
D) discovering general principles of behavior.

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A) Experiments using deception
B) Correlational studies
C) Descriptive studies
D) All of these.

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D

A) be treated in exactly the same manner except for the specific differences the experimenter wants to create.
B) not realize that they are involved in an experiment.
C) be influenced by experimenter expectancy effects.
D) be allowed to choose their own experimental conditions without interference or bias from the experimenter.

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A

A) its inclusion of equal numbers of individuals from different groups in the population.
B) the number of people in the sample.
C) the ratio of the sample size to the population size.
D) the extent to which the sample in this study matches the population proportionally in terms of demographic variables.

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A) survey.
B) observational study.
C) archival study.
D) experiment.

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A) are statistically significant.
B) reflect an interaction between the dependent variables.
C) are theoretically meaningful.
D) are null because of their low level of reliability.

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A) In a study examining the creativity of children's paintings, several judges are asked to rate the creativity of each painting. The degree to which the judges agree in their ratings is assessed.
B) In a study examining the favorite foods of college students, a large sample of students rate several foods according to their preferences. The degree to which students' responses are correlated is assessed.
C) In a study examining toy preferences of toddlers, the children are left alone to play with several toys for an hour. During the first half-hour, one researcher observes their play. During the second half-hour, a second researcher observes their play. The researchers' observations are then compared.
D) In a study examining well-being in the elderly, respondents living in different nursing homes are asked to rate the quality of their nursing home. Researchers then obtain a copy of participants' medical records. The relationship between the quality ratings and actual health is assessed.

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A) experimenter expectancy effects.
B) participants' social desirability concerns.
C) sampling biases.
D) participants' memory biases.

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A) an objective approach.
B) a variable approach.
C) a systematic approach.
D) a quantifiable approach.

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