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  In which direction is the above spiral galaxy rotating and which color best represents where the gas is being compressed by the spiral density wave? A)  clockwise, blue B)  counter-clockwise, pink C)  clockwise, pink D)  counter-clockwise, blue In which direction is the above spiral galaxy rotating and which color best represents where the gas is being compressed by the spiral density wave?


A) clockwise, blue
B) counter-clockwise, pink
C) clockwise, pink
D) counter-clockwise, blue

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Which stellar population has highly elliptical orbits?


A) Pop I extreme
B) Pop I intermediate
C) Pop II intermediate
D) Pop II extreme

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The ____________________ of the galaxy contains population I stars, open clusters, and gas clouds.

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​ What is the difference between a population I star and a population II star?

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Population I stars are metal rich, co...

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Population II stars contain more metals than Population I stars.

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Who first determined that the energy/s emitted by (luminosity of) Cepheid variable stars is larger the longer their period of variation is?


A) Henrietta Leavitt
B) Edwin Hubble
C) John Glenn
D) Carl Sagan
E) Harlow Shapley

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The rapid rotation in the outer disk suggests that our galaxy is more massive than previously thought.

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The traditional "top-down" hypothesis of the formation of our galaxy cannot explain


A) why not all globular clusters are the same age.
B) why the youngest globular clusters are in the outer halo.
C) why the oldest stars are metal poor but not completely metal free.
D) streams and rings of scattered stars in the halo.
E) All of the other choices are correct.

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Radio maps of the spiral arms of our galaxy


A) reveal that our galaxy is a grand design spiral.
B) map the location of hot O and B stars by the radio radiation they emit.
C) reveal that the spiral arms are winding up and growing closer together.
D) reveal that the Sun is currently located in the center of a spiral arm.
E) map the location of dense neutral hydrogen clouds.

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The Sun is located near a spiral arm.

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  Which of the above shown variable types is brightest? A)  RR Lyrae B)  Type II C)  Type I D)  all are equally as bright Which of the above shown variable types is brightest?


A) RR Lyrae
B) Type II
C) Type I
D) all are equally as bright

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Discuss how astronomers know that our galaxy contains spiral arms in its disk.

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Radio astronomers use the strong spectra...

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Sgr A* is believed to be the center of the Milky Way galaxy because I. it lies in the general direction of the center of the galaxy based on observations of globular clusters in the plane of the Milky Way. II. long-wavelength dust-penetrating images show it to be a region crowded with stars. III. orbits of stars around it indicate a mass several million times that of the Sun within a volume a few light hours in size. IV. radio observations show it is a concentrated source at the center of swirling clouds of gas.


A) I & II only
B) II & III only
C) I & IV only
D) II & IV only
E) All of I, II, III, & IV

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Getting a cold is like building the chemical elements in nucleosynthesis.

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   ​  M dwarf main-sequence stars pass through the instability strip as shown above. ​ M dwarf main-sequence stars pass through the instability strip as shown above.

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___________ in other galaxies should contain luminous O and B stars if they are like the Milky Way.


A) The halos
B) The bulges
C) The spiral arms
D) The globular clusters
E) The coronas

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The _________________ hypothesis includes mergers with smaller galaxies and infalling gas to the standard formation of the Milky Way galaxy.

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Describe the central bulge of our galaxy.

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It is a flattened cloud of billions o...

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More massive stars are _________ luminous and __________ than less massive stars, thus they pulsate _____________.


A) less, smaller, faster
B) more, larger, slower
C) more, larger, slower.
D) less, smaller, faster.

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The spherical component is the __________.


A) halo
B) bulge
C) halo and bulge
D) dark matter

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