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What did the Council of Trent achieve?


A) It compromised with the Protestants on the doctrine of Justification by Faith.
B) It agreed with most Protestants that there were only two sacraments.
C) It reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation.
D) It asserted the importance of doctrine over ritual.
E) It placed church councils above the authority of the popes.

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What impact did Reformation doctrines have on the family and popular religious practices?

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The Reformation doctrines had a signific...

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The northern Christian humanists


A) wished to continue the complicated theological arguments of the Middle Ages.
B) were characterized by their pessimistic view of human nature.
C) did not believe that education could increase personal piety.
D) rejected the simple religion of the early Church.
E) championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.

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What development brought about an end to the religious warfare plaguing Germany in the mid-sixteenth century?


A) The Battle of Mühlberg
B) The Battle of Mohács
C) The Peace of Augsburg
D) The Diet of Augsburg
E) The Peace of Geneva

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Which of the following best characterizes popular religion on the eve of the Reformation?


A) People sought certainty of salvation through a variety of means including the veneration of relics and the purchase of indulgences.
B) There was a marked decline in popular religious piety in the fifteenth century, as only elites exhibited interest in religion.
C) Most ordinary people were actively engaged in grassroots efforts to do away with orthodox beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church.
D) Many popular religious movements placed their emphasis not only on Christ but on the teaching of the Old Testament.
E) Most Europeans rejected organized religion in favor of secular Renaissance humanism.

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