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Exam 11: Reasoning Critically

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Question 21

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Fallacies are unsound arguments that are often persuasive and appearing to be logical because they appeal to our emotions or prejudices.

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Question 22

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Empirical generalization is a form of inductive reasoning in which a general statement is made about an entire group based on observing some members of the group.

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Question 23

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The fallacy of questionable cause occurs when someone presents a causal relationship for which no real evidence exists.

Let's assume you explain to your friend that you are against the death penalty, and your reason is that there are too many people in the world, anyway.What form of "fallacy of relevance" would this be?

One of the points in "The Critical Thinker's Guide to Reasoning" is to examine and evaluate the origin of your point of view about an issue to fully understand how your perceptions were formed.You can ask questions such as how did your point of view develop, and have you always held this view or did it evolve over time? Choose an issue that you have a clear point of view, or opinion, about and evaluate the origin(s) of that view.After you have finished, consider whether this close evaluation has caused you to change anything about your point of view.

Joining the illogical appeals to authority and tradition, the fallacy of _______relies on the uncritical acceptance of other's opinion, in this case because "everyone believes it."

One of the steps in the is to identify an event or a____________ relationship between events to be investigated.

What do we call a form of inductive reasoning where a student believes that her softball team's recent winning streak is due to the fact that she has been wearing her good luck jersey?

One of the fallacies of relevance is "appeal to authority" where the one making the argument will appeal to an authority who is not qualified to give an expert opinion because their authority is in another area (for example, Michael Jordan attesting to the superior quality of Nike shoes).Why does do you think people often have success using this type of fallacious reasoning work so well?

The scientific method works on the assumption that the world is constructed in a complex web of causal relationships that can be discovered through systematic investigation.

If we are to generalize with confidence from the sample to the population, then we have to be sure that the population is large enough to be evenly distributed around a mean, creating a bell-shaped curve in distribution.

If you had a disagreement with a teacher, and the teacher said, "If you continue to disagree with my assessment, I am afraid you won't get a very good grade in my class," what form of "fallacy of relevance" would this be?

Consider the following scenario: a mother tells her child that if he doesn't do his homework, he will get failing grades.Then he will probably drop out of school and be unable to get a job, so he will become homeless.What type of "Causal Fallacy" is this?

An argument form in which one reasons from premises that are known or assumed to be true to a conclusion that is supported by the premises but does not necessarily follow from them is called____________

A hasty generalization is one in which the conclusion are hasty because the interpreter of the data does not take the proper precautions in compiling and organizing the data.

__________is a form of inductive reasoning in which an event (or events) is claimed to be the result of another event.

Many fallacious arguments appeal for support to factors that have little or nothing to do with the argument being offered.This type of fallacy is called_________

There are three general guidelines to keep in mind when testing a plausible hypothesis; they are

Scientists use a reasoning strategy called controlled experiment that can be set up in three ways:cause-to-effect, effect-to-cause, and cause-to-cause.

The author identifies the following thirteen types of "fallacies of relevance": appeal to authority, appeal to tradition, bandwagon, appeal to pity, appeal to fear, appeal to flattery, special pleading, appeal to ignorance, begging the question, Straw Man, Red Herring, appeal to personal attack, and two wrongs make a right.Suppose you were with your best friend and you happened to mention that your favorite type of music was classical.However, your best friend convinces you that only losers enjoy classical music.So, you stop listening to it.What type of fallacy of relevance would this?