Question 1

Each of the three statistical approaches that have been proposed for measuring clinical significance is considered by some to be controversial.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

According to approximate guidelines for interpreting the strength of effect sizes, a Pearson's r of .30 is considered to be:

Accepted Answer

A)  Strong
B)  Moderate
C)  Weak
D)  Very weak

Question 3

Which of the following is true about effect-size statistics?

Accepted Answer

A)  A coefficient of determination that equals .09 signifies a trivial relationship.
B)  The odds ratio is an effect-size statistic used in logistic regression with dichotomous data.
C)  Eta is an effect-size statistic for two ratio-level variables.
D)  An eta of .50 is weaker than a Cohen's d of .60

Question 4

Clinical significance can refer to the meaningfulness and practical value of the benefits of an intervention for each individual recipient of the evaluated intervention.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Which of the following statements is/are true about meta-analyses?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are unable to merge disparate findings from disparate studies.
B)  Their statistical procedures ensure the avoidance of the problem of author biases.
C)  Their statistical procedures ensure the avoidance of the problem of methodological flaws in the reviewed studies.
D)  Their findings could be skewed by the problem of publication bias (or the file drawer effect) .

Question 6

All strong and statistically significant relationships are considered to be substantively significant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Effect-size statistics enable us to compare the effects of different interventions across studies using different types of outcome measures.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

If Study A reports a Cohen's d of .60, and Study B reports a correlation coefficient of .60, then:

Accepted Answer

A)  Both studies have reported equal effect sizes.
B)  Study A's effect size is stronger than Study B's effect size.
C)  Study B's effect size is stronger than Study A's effect size.
D)  Both studies have reported substantively significant findings.

Question 9

Trivial relationships:

Accepted Answer

A)  Can be statistically significant with very large sample sizes.
B)  Are more likely to be statistically significant with smaller sample sizes.
C)  Are never statistically significant.
D)  None of these

Question 10

A Cohen's d of .30 and a correlation coefficient of .30 both signify the same degree of relationship strength.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 11

A correlation of -.40 indicates that 40 percent of the variation in the dependent variable is explained.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

If a correlation coefficient equals .30, then:

Accepted Answer

A)  The relationship is weak.
B)  9 percent of the dependent variable variation is explained.
C)  30 percent of the dependent variable variation is explained.
D)  The relationship is strong

Question 13

Some studies can have sample sizes that are so small that researchers have little likelihood of being able to refute sampling error even with effect sizes that most would agree are substantively or clinically significant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 14

The probability of committing a Type II error is one minus statistical power.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A statistically significant finding:

Accepted Answer

A)  Is substantively significant.
B)  Would certainly be substantively significant if the effect size is strong.
C)  Could not be substantively significant if the effect size is weak.
D)  None of these D

Question 16

In an evaluation of an intervention that seeks to increase self-esteem scores, the experimental group mean is 40, and the control group mean is 22.The pooled standard deviation is 6.Therefore, Cohen's d equals:

Accepted Answer

A)  0.60
B)  1.0
C)  3.0
D)  18.0

Question 17

Differences in effect sizes automatically indicate which intervention is more effective or valuable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

If statistical power is .80, then the probability of a Type II error is:

Accepted Answer

A)  0.80
B)  1.80
C)  0.20
D)  0.60

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true about correlation statistics?

Accepted Answer

A)  They cannot be calculated with nominal level variables.
B)  They can only be calculated with ratio-level variables.
C)  They can only be calculated with ordinal level variables.
D)  They can be calculated with variables at any level of measurement.

Question 20

According to approximate guidelines for interpreting the strength of effect sizes, a Cohen's d of .55 is considered to be:

Accepted Answer

A)  Very strong
B)  Strong
C)  Moderate
D)  Weak

Exam 13: Interpreting the Strength and Importance of Relationships

Each of the three statistical approaches that have been proposed for measuring clinical significance is considered by some to be controversial.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to approximate guidelines for interpreting the strength of effect sizes, a Pearson's r of .30 is considered to be:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is true about effect-size statistics?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Clinical significance can refer to the meaningfulness and practical value of the benefits of an intervention for each individual recipient of the evaluated intervention.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is/are true about meta-analyses?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All strong and statistically significant relationships are considered to be substantively significant.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Effect-size statistics enable us to compare the effects of different interventions across studies using different types of outcome measures.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If Study A reports a Cohen's d of .60, and Study B reports a correlation coefficient of .60, then:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Trivial relationships:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A Cohen's d of .30 and a correlation coefficient of .30 both signify the same degree of relationship strength.

Correct AnswerverifiedFalse

A correlation of -.40 indicates that 40 percent of the variation in the dependent variable is explained.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a correlation coefficient equals .30, then:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some studies can have sample sizes that are so small that researchers have little likelihood of being able to refute sampling error even with effect sizes that most would agree are substantively or clinically significant.

Correct AnswerverifiedTrue

The probability of committing a Type II error is one minus statistical power.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A statistically significant finding:

Correct AnswerverifiedD

In an evaluation of an intervention that seeks to increase self-esteem scores, the experimental group mean is 40, and the control group mean is 22.The pooled standard deviation is 6.Therefore, Cohen's d equals:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Differences in effect sizes automatically indicate which intervention is more effective or valuable.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If statistical power is .80, then the probability of a Type II error is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is true about correlation statistics?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to approximate guidelines for interpreting the strength of effect sizes, a Cohen's d of .55 is considered to be:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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False

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True

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D

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