A) laws should serve the common good.
B) "...[W]hoever refuses to obey the general will be forced to do so by the entire body.This means merely that he will be forced to be free."
C) men are born free and innocent in the state of nature, only society and government corrupts him.
D) "The interest of the sovereign could not be separated from that of the subject."
E) modern government is a moral association that makes people better.
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A) only ideas received from the senses should be believed.
B) superstition and blind obedience to religious authority are unacceptable.
C) the people should be allowed to govern themselves.
D) constitutional monarchy is the best form of government.
E) the rule of law, religious tolerance, and the humane treatment of criminals was possible.
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The term "philosophes" refers to a group...View Answer
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The High Enlightenment refers to a perio...View Answer
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A) originating as guilds of working stonemasons, the Freemasons became fraternities of middle class and aristocratic men.
B) Freemasons regularly conducted pseudo-religious services mocking traditional Christianity.
C) Freemasons sought to make their members virtuous, disciplined, and civilized.
D) the Freemasons often included the most elite members of society who supported potentially revolutionary ideals that would ultimately undermine their positions.
E) in France, the Freemasons organized a Grand Lodge with representatives from the entire country.
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A) Immanuel Kant
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) Voltaire
D) Thomas Hobbes
E) Mary Wollstonecraft
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A) individuals must conform to knowledge presented by authority.
B) each individual should reason independently.
C) education and critical thought were indispensable for the overthrow of the aristocratic order.
D) there was no conflict between reason and faith.
E) a person should be enlightened by his own "inner light."
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A) the superior leadership of Washington.
B) substantial French aid.
C) a lack of commitment by the British.
D) a tradition of self-government and an idealized understanding of English liberties.
E) All of these
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A) return society to the freedoms of ancient Athenian democracy.
B) restructure society according the Christian humanist principles.
C) impose an ordered freedom on social and political institutions.
D) enlighten society through the universal education of both sexes.
E) overthrow unenlightened political systems through revolutions, violent if need be.
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A) was inspired by the Scientific Revolution.
B) reacted against "monarchical and clerical absolutism."
C) benefitted from a new freedom of printing in some countries.
D) has been characterized as the Age of Reason.
E) All of these
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A) God does not exist.
B) Jesus was a great moral teacher but he is not the Son of God.
C) the essence of religion is ethics, not faith.
D) revelation and doctrines such as original sin should be rejected.
E) God created the universe but does not intervene in it.
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Enlightened despotism refers to a form o...View Answer
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A) Prussia combined serfdom, militarism, and religious tolerance.
B) Hungary rapidly modernized and its population doubled.
C) Poland expelled the Jesuits and instituted educational reform.
D) English colonists in North America increasingly refused pay for the defense being provided by the motherland.
E) the American Declaration of Independence appeared as a totally unprecedented, original document.
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A) a definite distrust of science and reason.
B) demands for humanitarian treatment of slaves and criminals.
C) a secular orientation and a belief in future progress.
D) writings that labeled Jesus, Moses, and Mohammed as frauds.
E) the shaping of modern beliefs in tolerance and human rights.
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A) the universe does not prove God's existence.
B) all religion results from human fears and superstitions.
C) the order apparent in the universe may be more in a person's mind than in reality.
D) religion is a social convention.
E) All of these
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A) primitive but governed by reason.
B) greedy and warlike.
C) naturally empathetic.
D) communistic.
E) free from original sin.
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A) made part of the modern Western heritage by the Enlightenment.
B) not implemented consistently in the 18th century.
C) related to the scientific view of a universe consisting of matter and universal laws.
D) perplexing in their application.
E) All of these
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A) Rousseau.
B) Locke.
C) Diderot.
D) Jefferson.
E) Beccaria.
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